冠脉造影正常,就万事大吉了?

2017-12-09 小可真 医学界心血管频道

冠脉造影是目前诊断冠心病的“金标准”,这一里程碑式的检查使冠心病诊断快速又准确,以至于使其他诊断冠心病的检查手段(如运动平板试验等)黯然失色。

冠脉造影是目前诊断冠心病的“金标准”,这一里程碑式的检查使冠心病诊断快速又准确,以至于使其他诊断冠心病的检查手段(如运动平板试验等)黯然失色。

但冠脉造影检查正常冠脉就真的没事吗?当然不是,下面我跟分享一个主任曾经遇到的病例。

病历简介

患者中老年男性,主因“心前区疼痛1小时”入院。入院前1小时患者情绪激动后出现心前区疼痛伴大汗,症状持续不缓解,自行含服“硝酸甘油”等未见明显改善,至急诊以“急性冠脉综合征”收入院。

入院查体未见明显异常,心肌酶和肌钙蛋白正常,心电图可见V1-V4导联ST段压低0.1mV,急行冠脉造影检查,令人惊讶和尴尬的一幕发生了——冠脉未见异常。

根据常见胸痛鉴别诊断需排除肺栓塞和主动脉夹层,于是迅速带患者至CT室行肺动脉CTA和主动脉CTA,结果同样令人诧异——未见肺栓塞和主动脉夹层。

可此时患者仍存在胸痛,主任经片刻沉思后决定给患者进行核素心肌灌注显像(SPECT),结果发现患者前壁心肌存在缺损,提示前壁心肌处于缺血状态,在静脉推注腺苷后患者心前区疼痛症状缓解,此时前壁心肌恢复正常状态。

原来如此~

后来主任告诉我们该患者诊断为“X综合征”,属于冠状动脉微血管疾病(CMVD)的一种,临床上并不少见,只是因为冠脉造影逐渐普及,连老百姓都知道这个检查手段,有的患者在心内科入院时就提出查冠脉造影。就连我们年轻医师在工作中也不再深入思考,一提冠心病就自然而然联想到冠脉造影,这种固定思维是非常片面的,需要我们认真克服。

CMVD是冠状动脉微血管病变的总称,但微血管病变的机制、病因、诊断方法、治疗方案却不尽相同,下面我们从以下几个方面系统学习一下。

何为冠状动脉微血管(CMV)?

微血管主要根据冠状动脉内径来定义,通常<0.5 mm,其中内径约0.1-0.5 mm为前小动脉,<0.1 mm为小动脉。

何为CMVD?

CMVD是指CMV结构和功能异常,前者主要指CMV管壁增厚、管腔狭窄,常见于肥厚型心肌病和高血压性心脏病。后者主要指血管舒张功能异常、微血管缩窄、微血管血栓及微血管灌注压下降等。

1. CMVD诊断方法

CMVD分为冠状动脉舒张药物、无创检查、有创检查三大类诊断方法。评价CMV最大程度扩张时的血流量与基础状态下血流量的比值(CFR),临床上推荐CFR<2.0作为判断微血管功能障碍的临界值。

表1 CMVD药物诊断方案



表2 CMVD无创检查诊断方案



表3 CMVD有创检查诊断方案



表4 CMVD功能评价的技术比较



注:-:差,+:足够,++:好,+++:非常好

2. CMVD的诊断流程

CMVD诊断前先排除冠脉明显狭窄和冠脉痉挛情况,然后尽量通过无创检查明确诊断,无创检查首选PET,先通过注射腺苷或双嘧达莫明确是否为非内皮依赖性冠状动脉微血管功能异常,如CFR≥2.0,再使用乙酰胆碱明确是否为内皮依赖性冠状动脉微血管功能异常。


图1 CMVD诊断流程

3. CMVD治疗

因文献中尚无以CMVD为研究对象的大样本随机对照试验,因此针对降低CMVD心血管事件发生风险的治疗方案尚不明确。因此本文不详细阐述。

本文旨在与大家共同学习CMV诊断流程和常用诊断方法,希望大家能够在临床工作中头脑中不要只考虑冠脉造影,而且对于以下冠脉造影正常且患者存在缺血症状的情况下,我们不再轻率地说没事或是患者心理作用等话。

原始出处:

[1]中华医学会心血管病学分会基础研究学组等, 冠状动脉微血管疾病诊断和治疗的中国专家共识. 中国循环杂志,  2017, 32:421-430.


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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 swfzhanggui

    非常好.学习了.谢谢分享

    0

  4. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 1e127dd4m40(暂无匿称)

    学习了

    0

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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 太上老君1968

    学习了.谢谢!很有用.

    0

  7. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 lyh994

    非常好的案例分析

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 神功盖世

    学习

    0

  9. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Sat Dec 09 08:07:23 CST 2017, time=2017-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-09 衣带渐宽

    学习

    0

  10. 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    2017-12-09 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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