基于社区的长期随访研究:青春期躯体症状作为成年期严重精神疾病的预测因子

2019-01-16 Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health Child Adolesc Psychi

躯体症状,如胃肠疼痛、头痛、背痛和疲倦常见于一般人群中,由此就医疗保健的直接成本而言,带来了较大的医疗负担。既往研究表明,躯体症状同样常见于儿童和青少年人群中,这些儿童和青少年患者的学习成绩较差,社交关系也差。

躯体症状,如肠疼痛、头痛、背痛和疲倦常见于一般人群中,由此就医疗保健的直接成本而言,带来了较大的医疗负担。既往研究表明,躯体症状同样常见于儿童和青少年人群中,这些儿童和青少年患者的学习成绩较差,社交关系也差。此外,研究还发现,儿童和青少年的躯体症状也与精神障碍(如焦虑和抑郁)以及其他的严重并发精神问题(如行为障碍和自杀行为)相关,且呈剂量反应关系。但是,既往研究的随访时间很少延长至青年时期,且大部分研究随访时选用的是自我报告的精神障碍评估而非医院诊断,因此人们对儿童期和青春期躯体症状的长期影响知之甚少。近期来自乌普萨拉大学的一项研究,使用包括随访期间医院精神卫生保健情况在内的登记数据,评估了青春期躯体症状对成年期严重精神疾病发生的预测能力。结果表明,青春期躯体症状可预测成年期严重精神疾病的发生,校正性别、抑郁、焦虑等混杂因素后依然如此,其中情绪障碍、跨性别、青春期抑郁和焦虑是最有力的预测因子。这些提示我们,存在躯体症状的青少年需要早期治疗,并延长随访时间,以降低日后精神障碍的发生风险。

肠疼痛、头痛、背痛和疲倦等躯体症状常见于儿童和青少年人群中。既往研究已表明这些躯体症状与焦虑、抑郁等精神障碍相关,但是既往研究很少随访至患者青年时期,因此人们对儿童期和青春期躯体症状的长期影响知之甚少。为此,Hannes Bohman等开展了一项新的研究,筛查了瑞典乌普萨拉市所有学校的16-17岁学生(n = 2300)的抑郁症情况,对307名抑郁症学生和302名健康学生进行了精神障碍的半结构化诊断访谈,并根据医院精神保健登记数据进行随访,以评估抑郁症青少年及其匹配的健康对照组的躯体症状是否可预测日后成年期严重精神疾病的发生。该研究结果发表于2018年的Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health(IF=2.033)。

1991年至1993年,研究人员共筛查了2300名16-17岁的学生,筛查内容包括两项抑郁症自我评价:儿童Beck抑郁量表和流行病学研究中心儿童抑郁量表。根据DSM-III-R(DICA-R-A),对得分较高和自述自杀未遂的学生进行了诊断访谈。总共有355名学生诊断患有抑郁症,同时筛选同性和低分学生至对照组,最终609名学生(抑郁组n = 307,对照组n = 302)参与了诊断性访谈,并同意接受后续研究。基线后15年左右,对参与者进行后续访谈,并在基线后17-19年从健康登记处获得数据。最终大约有70%的参与者完成了后续访谈,其中抑郁组182名参与者和对照组193名参与者同意研究获取其健康登记数据。同时,研究通过采用二元logistic回归模型,校正了如青少年抑郁、焦虑、性行为等混杂因素,评估了青春期躯体症状与日后医院精神卫生保健情况之间的关系。

结果显示,校正性别、青少年抑郁和焦虑时,躯体症状与日后医院精神卫生保健情况的风险增加相关[1个症状:OR = 1.63,CI 0.55-4.85; 2- 4个症状:OR = 2.77,95%CI 1.04-7.39;≥5个症状:OR = 5.75,95%CI 1.98-16.72)。在特定诊断方面,校正性别、青少年抑郁和青少年焦虑后,躯体症状可预测日后医院精神保健情况(p <0.05)。在抑郁症的青少年中,躯体症状可预测日后医院精神卫生保健情况,且呈剂量-反应关系(p <0.01)。在没有抑郁症的青少年中,报告至少一种躯体症状可预测日后医院精神卫生保健情况(p <0.05)。具体结果见表1和表2。

综上所述,该研究结果表明,青春期躯体症状可预测成年期严重精神疾病的发生情况,即使校正性别、抑郁、焦虑等混杂因素后依然如此,其中情绪障碍、跨性别、青春期抑郁和焦虑是最强的预测因子。这些研究提示我们,对于存在躯体症状的青少年应当进行早期治疗,并延长随访时间,以降低日后精神障碍的发生风险。

表1 在随访青少年抑郁症患者中,不同成年期医院精神保健诊断情况及躯体症状数量。

 

表2 在随访没有青少年抑郁症患者中,不同成年期医院精神保健诊断情况及躯体症状数量。

 

 

参考文献:

1.  Hannes Bohman, Sara B. Låftman, Neil Cleland, et al. Somatic symptoms in adolescence as a predictor of severe mental illness in adulthood: a long-term community-based follow-up study[J]. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2018; 12: 42.


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    2019-10-30 habb
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