IAS:non-HDL-C作为降脂治疗靶标更优

2013-09-23 佚名 医师报

近期,国际动脉粥样硬化学会(IAS)公布全球血脂代谢异常处理指南。该指南以来源于多个领域的证据为依据,明确指出动脉粥样硬化性胆固醇既可指低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),也可指非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C),但更支持以后者作为降脂治疗靶标;强调动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)一级预防重在生活方式干预,而二级预防需依靠药物;血脂代谢异常患者的ASCVD风险评估应评估长期风险,而非短

近期,国际动脉粥样硬化学会(IAS)公布全球血脂代谢异常处理指南。该指南以来源于多个领域的证据为依据,明确指出动脉粥样硬化性胆固醇既可指低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),也可指非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C),但更支持以后者作为降脂治疗靶标;强调动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)一级预防重在生活方式干预,而二级预防需依靠药物;血脂代谢异常患者的ASCVD风险评估应评估长期风险,而非短期风险;此外,风险评估应校正不同国家或地区的基础风险。

降脂靶标

指南指出,高LDL-C血症是ASCVD主要危险因素之一,因此降低LDL-C是降低ASCVD风险的主要措施。LDL-C是降脂治疗的重要靶标。然而,越来越多的证据提示,极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL-C)也是降脂治疗重要靶标。LDL-C和VLDL-C总称为non-HDL-C.因此,non-HDL-C可替代LDL-C作为降脂治疗靶标。non-HDL-C可在非空腹状况下准确检测,而LDL-C却不行。因此,IAS更支持以non-HDL-C作为降脂治疗靶标。IAS指出,总胆固醇常用来进行风险评估,但并不是降脂治疗可靠靶标,仅适用于无法获得各脂蛋白胆固醇数据的情况。

一级预防目标

LAS根据随机对照研究、人群流行病学研究和基因流行病学研究三方面证据来定义:LDL-C水平目标值<100mg/dl(2.6mmol/L);non-HDL-C目标值<130mg/dl(3.4mmol/L)。这些目标值最适合高危人群。值得注意的是,IAS并未提出不同临床情况下的动脉粥样硬化性脂蛋白的目标值。IAS指出,强化降脂治疗应根据长期风险而定。

风险评估

IAS指出,除动脉粥样硬化性脂蛋白外,吸烟、高血压糖尿病、HDL-C水平降低和ASCVD家族史也是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,这些危险因素可用作总风险评估。既往指南大多采用10年风险评估来定义绝对心血管风险。然而,IAS认为,评估长期风险更恰当,此类评估工具包括Framingham和QRISK评分体系。前者包括高胆固醇血症、高血压、吸烟和糖尿病;后者则包括传统危险因素、ASCVD家族史和体质指数。两种评估模型各有优点,IAS建议采用Framingham评分体系作为核心评估模型;绝对总风险>45%、30%~44%、15%~29%和<15%依次归为高危、中高危、中危和低危人群。

一级预防措施

IAS指出,血脂代谢异常患者应根据ASCVD长期风险来决定治疗强度。IAS指出,动脉粥样硬化性疾病实际上主要是“不健康生活方式所致的一种疾病”。无论如何,生活方式干预是首选干预措施。在此基础上,高危、中高危、中危人群可根据实际情况考虑应用降脂药物(表1)。若高危或中高危人群的长期风险来自于非血脂危险因素,则不一定需要降脂治疗。

生活方式干预

IAS建议如下:(1)饱和脂肪酸总摄人量占摄入总能量的7%以下,至少应在10%以下,反式脂肪酸比例<1%,膳食胆固醇摄入量<200mg/d.(2)多摄入水果、蔬菜和纤维;适当摄入富含n-3脂肪酸的鱼;。摄入低钠(<2g/d)高钾食物;饮酒适量。(3)每日至少中等强度运动30min,且必须为有氧运动,同时需要减肥者适当加大运动量。(4)伴代谢综合征者应增加运动量,同时注意减肥。

二级预防

IAS指出,对于已患ASCVD者,LDL-C目标值应<70mg/dl(1.8mmol/L),而non-HDL-C目标值<100mg/dl.大多数ASCVD患者需用最大剂量他汀治疗,部分患者还需加用依折麦布或胆汁酸树脂。IAS强调,即便已应用最大剂量降脂药物,生活方式干预仍然不能忽视。当然,其他ASCVD危险因素也应一并干预。


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    2014-06-15 lhlxtx
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    2013-09-25 ZGMFX24A
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    2013-09-25 zhaojie88
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李勇:降脂治疗新观念 聚焦总体风险评估与合理指标调控

复旦大学附属华山医院心脏科 李勇 动脉粥样硬化是多重危险因素共同作用的结果。因此,处理血脂异常预防动脉粥样硬化必须同时考虑不同危险因素合并存在的状态所导致心血管病危险的差异,即全身心血管风险评估。流行病学研究表明,总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是最重要的心血管终点事件的血脂预测指标。一系列研究证实,他汀类药物不仅能显著降低TC和LDL-C,并能显著降低新发和再发心血管终点事件

ASCOT-LLA研究:前期降脂治疗对高血压患者有长期益处

  8月28日,在欧洲心脏病学会(ESC2011)临床研究更新会上,英国学者Peter S Sever报告了盎格鲁-斯堪的那维亚心脏终点研究降脂分支(ASCOT-LLA)终止后继续随访8年的结果。证实对于高血压患者,前期接受阿托伐他汀治疗能够产生长期益处。   ASCOT-LLA研究因阿托伐他汀较安慰剂显著获益而在2003年提前终止,表现为包括冠心病(HR 0.64