BMJ综述:儿童股骨头骨骺缺血性坏死

2014-10-09 尹英超 丁香园

什么是Perthes病? Perthes病临床表现为自发的股骨头骨骺缺血,多为骨骺由单一旋股外侧动脉供血的处于4~12岁的儿童患病。每年小于15岁儿童的Perthes病发病率在0.0002%~0.0191%之间。其中双侧髋关节同时发病的约占15%,但通常双侧受累程度不同。男孩儿的发病率约是女孩儿的3~4倍。 该病好发于:低出生体重儿、孕期母亲吸烟、低社会经济人群、白种人。发病儿童多

什么是Perthes病?

Perthes病临床表现为自发的股骨头骨骺缺血,多为骨骺由单一旋股外侧动脉供血的处于4~12岁的儿童患病。每年小于15岁儿童的Perthes病发病率在0.0002%~0.0191%之间。其中双侧髋关节同时发病的约占15%,但通常双侧受累程度不同。男孩儿的发病率约是女孩儿的3~4倍。

该病好发于:低出生体重儿、孕期母亲吸烟、低社会经济人群、白种人。发病儿童多身材矮小、骨龄延缓。Perthes病是否为单一发病尚未明确。长期随访结果表明:Perthes病在儿童期平均病程34个月,伴随着成年后长期受后遗症影响。

为什么Perthes容易漏诊?

骨骼、肌肉系统的异常在儿童中很常见,大多数因外伤所致,不需特殊治疗。在众多有疼痛性或无痛性跛行的患儿中,只有少数可能患有Perthes病。因此医生在做诊断时,可能更多的去考虑其他疾病。医学文献表明:尽管疼痛、跛行持续数月,但只有不到一半的Perthes病患儿在疾病晚期才被诊断出来。

早期确诊的必要性:

Perthes病未予以治疗干预,将会导致永久的股骨头畸形。继而,在年轻时因早发的髋关节炎而被迫行髋关节置换术。疾病早期进行手术干预,可以提高预后结果。延缓或防止了髋关节炎的发生。

如何诊断Perthes病?

临床表现:

当患儿有临床症状时,可以通过Perthes病特有的影响学改变来诊断。患儿可以表现为起病隐匿的疼痛或无痛性跛行。疼痛常出现在膝关节,也可出现在髋关节。患侧大腿或臀部肌肉萎缩,伴随同侧下肢外展和内旋受限。患儿俯卧位于检查床,膝关节屈曲。比较两侧髋关节内旋范围。病侧下肢通常内旋范围减少(图1)。
Fig 1.bmp
图1:左图:患儿俯卧位于检查床,两侧髋关节内旋范围相同;右图:Perthes病患儿患侧(右侧)髋关节内旋范围减小。

辅助检查:

全血细胞计数、C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率可以鉴别化脓性髋关节炎。一过性髋关节滑膜炎在此年龄段的儿童也较为常见。持续跛行的患儿应于8~12周后重复拍X光片,以鉴别滑膜炎。

大多数情况下,骨盆正位加双髋关节蛙式位X光片足以证实诊断。个别处于疾病早期的患儿X光片显示正常。特征性影像学表现先后出现于:股骨骺、干骺端、髋臼(图2,左)。Perthes病的X光片表现分为四期,每期持续数月。1期:股骨骺硬化;2期:股骨头受压变形;3期:再生期;4期:修复期。
Fig 2.bmp
图2:a:7岁Perthes病患儿,左侧股骨头密度增加,塌陷变形;b:该患儿9岁时行骨盆截骨术,股骨头形状恢复;c:该患儿12岁时股骨头形状接近正常。

Perthes病如何治疗?

治疗Perthes病的目的在于:减少疼痛、增加髋关节活动度、避免不可逆性股骨头畸形的发生。疾病的预后取决于患儿的年龄和疾病分期。患儿疾病2期出现股骨头脱位,是较早发展为髋关节炎的危险因素。5~7岁被诊断为Perthes病早期的患儿,通常采取非手术治疗。进行髋关节活动度的训练,鼓励游泳、骑行,避免跳跃。

手术或非手术治疗的选择较为困难。多中心前瞻性队列研究表明:手术治疗(股骨或骨盆截骨)可以使股骨头在发育成熟后具有更好的外形。

因此专家建议对于大于8岁且影像学表现为晚期的患儿采取手术治疗。另有研究表明:“A形”矫正法适用于所有年龄、分期的患儿,且术后绝大部分患者股骨头有较好的外形。发病较晚或影像学分期显示预后较差的病人,会出现疼痛、关节炎、进行性髋关节功能障碍等长期后遗症。
Fig 3.bmp


图3:15岁儿童患双侧Perthes病,股骨头扁平畸形,将会加速髋关节炎的发生。


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    2015-04-15 gaoxiaoe
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892625, encodeId=916f189262531, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 03:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847618, encodeId=6446184e618ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 10:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1721817, encodeId=37311e21817e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=01811016363e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101636, encryptionId=01811016363e, topicName=骨头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9cd033099978, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Wed Jan 14 21:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362782, encodeId=ff381362e8238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b723414321c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41432, encryptionId=b723414321c, topicName=坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1529657, encodeId=7874152965e5d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70ff81e9156' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#股骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81791, encryptionId=70ff81e9156, topicName=股骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9d3011964327, createdName=wangyang7962, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1584868, encodeId=6ba4158486883, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=931581e97ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#股骨头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81797, encryptionId=931581e97ad, topicName=股骨头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ee217064831, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-01-14 redcrab
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    2014-10-11 millore
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892625, encodeId=916f189262531, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 03:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1847618, encodeId=6446184e618ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2977356edc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BMJ#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3567, encryptionId=2977356edc, topicName=BMJ)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=148754, createdName=gaoxiaoe, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 10:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1721817, encodeId=37311e21817e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=01811016363e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101636, encryptionId=01811016363e, topicName=骨头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9cd033099978, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Wed Jan 14 21:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362782, encodeId=ff381362e8238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b723414321c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#坏死#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41432, encryptionId=b723414321c, topicName=坏死)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c0e3195, createdName=millore, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1529657, encodeId=7874152965e5d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70ff81e9156' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#股骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81791, encryptionId=70ff81e9156, topicName=股骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9d3011964327, createdName=wangyang7962, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1584868, encodeId=6ba4158486883, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=931581e97ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#股骨头#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81797, encryptionId=931581e97ad, topicName=股骨头)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ee217064831, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Sat Oct 11 04:55:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-10-11 huagfeg