Nature:抗血管生成药物治疗癌症的局限性

2012-04-10 卢秀玲 生物通

       抗血管生成药物主要是通过影响肿瘤内的血管形成来用于癌症治疗。但这些药物似乎也可能会降低另一些抗癌药物的效率,增强肿瘤的侵袭性。(Nature. 2012 Apr 4;484(7392):44-6)        肿瘤生长依赖于新血管形成以确保持续供给氧气和营养。基于此,临床上常采用抗血管生成药物

       抗血管生成药物主要是通过影响肿瘤内的血管形成来用于癌症治疗。但这些药物似乎也可能会降低另一些抗癌药物的效率,增强肿瘤的侵袭性。(Nature. 2012 Apr 4;484(7392):44-6)
       肿瘤生长依赖于新血管形成以确保持续供给氧气和营养。基于此,临床上常采用抗血管生成药物单独或联合常规的细胞毒类药物来治疗某些类型的癌症。然而直到现在研究人员对于这些联合治疗发挥功能的详细机制仍不是很清楚,越来越多的研究数据揭示这些治疗具有局限性。
       近日来自荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学医学中心的Van der Veldt等在新研究中发现血管生成抑制剂可以减少细胞毒性药物传递至患者肿瘤部位,由此影响药物治疗效果。在另一项研究中,来自美国密歇根大学的Conley等则发现肿瘤可通过累积特别具有侵袭性的细胞来适应抗血管生成治疗。这两篇研究论文分别发表在《癌细胞》(Cancer Cell)和《美国科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。
       当前抗血管生成剂的主要靶标是一种称之为血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的蛋白,它在血管发生中发挥至关重要的作用。尽管多年来众所周知VEGF抑制剂与细胞毒性药物联合治疗可提供额外的抗肿瘤效应,然而自获得药物联合试验的早期阳性结果至今其潜在的机制一直是个谜。对于这一机制最普遍的解释是2001年提出的“血管正常化('vascular normalization)”理论。根据这一理论,抗血管生成治疗诱导了肿瘤血管的结构和功能改变,使它们更近似于正常血管,因此导致血流量增加,细胞毒性药物能够更容易地进入到肿瘤中。
       为了在临床条件下检测这一理论,Van der Veldt和同事在10位晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者体内研究了一种细胞毒性药物多西紫杉醇(docetaxel)的吸收和驻留情况。利用放射性标记的多西紫杉醇结合敏感成像技术(正电子发射计算机断层显像,PET),作者们证实VEGF抑制联合一种叫做贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)的药物可快速持久地降低水和多西紫杉醇渗透入肿瘤。这些结果与从前在直肠癌和胶质母细胞瘤患者中的研究结果相反,因为此前的研究显示贝伐单抗治疗可以诱导血管正常化,提高肿瘤的糖摄取。然而在作者看来肿瘤细胞糖摄取并不一定与细胞毒性药物的传递和渗透入肿瘤存在相关性。
       Van der Veldt的观测结果与从前的研究存在差异,也有可能是因为血管网络以及血管生成抑制剂在三种癌症类型中应答的差异所造成的,因为众所周知这些药物在不同的组织中可以不同的途径影响血管。新研究发现至少表明在NSCLC患者中,抗血管生成治疗并不能促进细胞毒性药物传递至肿瘤,反而还具有反效果,表明这样的治疗存在有相互干扰的弊端。事实上,这有可能是在NSCLC和其他肿瘤类型中联合治疗只能获得有限效应的根源。这种潜在的缺陷可通过优化调整治疗药物而获得规避。例如,采用抗血管生成治疗之后给予血液循环细胞毒性药物,而不是同时给予患者两种类型的药物。
       使用血管生成抑制剂的其他局限主要是由于肿瘤具有高度适应能力。尽管长期以来人们都知道癌症能够对细胞毒性药物和放疗产生耐受,而最初人们假定抗血管生成药物不会产生同样问题的原因是他们认为这些药物靶向的是血管而不是肿瘤细胞。然而临床前和临床研究的数据揭示肿瘤确实可以适应抗血管生成疗法,并产生耐受。
       然而这还并不是最糟糕的,有研究显示一些血管生成抑制剂还可在动物模型中使肿瘤变得更具有侵袭性。为了探讨这一问题,Conley和同事将人类癌细胞(来源于构建的乳腺癌细胞系)移植到了小鼠体内。随后他们用抗血管生成剂舒尼替尼(sunitinib)和贝伐单抗来治疗动物。治疗诱导了某种表达醛脱氢酶的癌细胞的积聚。当研究人员将这些细胞再度移植到其他小鼠体内时启动了肿瘤形成。相似的细胞群还被描述存在于炎性乳腺癌患者的组织样品和给予联合治疗的胶质母细胞瘤小鼠中。
       Conley等人进一步解析了抗血管生成药物治疗的肿瘤侵袭和扩散能力增强的潜在细胞与分子机制。他们发现这些细胞通过诱导肿瘤缺氧,不仅激活了缺氧应答程序,还激活了调控细胞生长和细胞粘附的Akt/β-catenin信号通路。这一信号通路过去被证实与乳腺癌祖细胞调控相关。作者们认为是药物诱导的缺氧应答激活了Akt/β-catenin信号,转而刺激了特异的更具侵袭性的癌细胞群生长。
       然而要如何克服抗血管生成治疗的这种缺陷?一种可能的选择就是联合血管生成抑制剂与抑制癌细胞缺氧应答的药物,或Akt/β-catenin信号抑制剂。另一种选择就是利用注入修饰性semaphorin蛋白之类的分子,通过同时靶向血管生成及阻断肿瘤扩散来发挥双重或多重抗肿瘤效应。
       总而言之,这两项新研究强调了需仔细平衡性评估抗血管生成治疗的利益和局限。如上所述,这种治疗可通过调整细胞毒性药物和抗血管生成药物的给药顺序得到改善,或是利用其它靶向祖细胞信号的药物联合治疗。尽管目前尚有许多悬而未决的问题,都希望能够通过了解治疗的弱点将其转变为使治疗受益。 

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    2012-11-17 liye789132251
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