Nature:科学家亲眼见证正常上皮细胞疯狂围剿癌基因突变细胞,把癌细胞扼杀在萌芽中

2017-08-14 王鑫英 BioTalker 奇点网

覆盖在人体皮肤和体内各种腔道(食管、胃、肠和气管等)表面的上皮细胞,是恶性肿瘤发生的主要部位,其中很重要的两个原因是:上皮细胞分裂比较活跃和上皮细胞受周围环境影响较大,这也导致上皮细胞发生基因突变的概率更高。

覆盖在人体皮肤和体内各种腔道(食管、胃、肠和气管等)表面的上皮细胞,是恶性肿瘤发生的主要部位,其中很重要的两个原因是:上皮细胞分裂比较活跃和上皮细胞受周围环境影响较大,这也导致上皮细胞发生基因突变的概率更高。

究竟有多高呢?

2015年,英国剑桥桑格研究所的科学家,从进行眼睑整形术的老年人那里,获得了眼皮部位的正常皮肤组织,然后他们列出74个重要癌基因,针对性地做了超深度测序。


英国剑桥桑格研究所科学家用的老人眼皮(扫一眼就行)

结果比上面的图更让人震惊。那些看起来并没有什么病理变化的皮肤组织,其实并没有那么健康,18-32%的细胞携带有癌基因突变,平均在每平方厘米的上皮组织里可以找到约140个致癌驱动突变。他们的这一重要发现发表在《科学》杂志上!


1平方厘米皮肤中的细胞癌基因突变情况,很多细胞携带多个突变

要知道,上面的74个基因都是癌基因,它们要么会让细胞疯狂生长,要么会促进肿瘤的生成。然而,让科学家疑惑的是,为啥这些组织没有癌变,甚至没有任何可见的组织异常?

携带大量癌基因突变的组织为什么不到处长肿瘤?为什么肿瘤形成的那一套突然失灵了?

耶鲁大学Valentina Greco博士团队和Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心的Slobdan Beronja博士也一直在苦苦思考这个问题。在他们看来,解决的办法就是亲眼看看那些携带突变的细胞到底怎么了。


Valentina Greco博士(左)和Slobodan Beronja博士(右)

为了便于观察,他们选择了小鼠皮肤里的毛囊干细胞作为研究对象。Greco博士和Beronja博士首先对小鼠皮肤的一小部分处于静息期的毛囊干细胞进行基因改造,让控制细胞生长的β-catenin基因突变,这样一来这些细胞就获得了快速分裂增殖的能力,这是形成肿瘤所必备的能力。

然后,他们将小鼠的皮肤放在双光子显微镜下观察。结果他们发现,β-catenin基因突变的细胞在1到2周内,会导致赘生物的生成,但是4周内有80%的赘生物都会消退,并且在随后的几周内并没有反弹。更让人震惊的是,即使没有消退的那20%的赘生物,在接下来的皮肤静息期内也会完全消退!

这就奇怪了。

接下来,Greco博士和Beronja博士分别用红色荧光蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白标记了基因突变的细胞和正常的细胞,对处于毛囊生长期和退行期的细胞行为进行了追踪。

结果他们发现,在生长期,那些基因突变的细胞位于赘生物的中间部分。在退行期之前,正常的细胞会分布在基因突变的细胞周围,将这些突变细胞围住,逐渐让携带基因突变的红色细胞完全消退。


一开始,基因突变的细胞(红色)生长较快,试图突围,随着时间的推移,正常的细胞(绿色)生长更快,迅速形成合围之势,将突变细胞一举围歼(或成功改造)


基因突变的细胞(红色)死命的突围,结果没坚持多久就被正常的细胞(绿色)包围

难道正常细胞真把基因突变的细胞围歼了?于是,研究人员又采用基因改造技术,让小鼠基因突变细胞周围的正常细胞数量减少。发现正常细胞数量减少后,只有40%的赘生物发生了消退,其他的则接着生长。

紧接着,研究人员通过基因改造让正常细胞完全不能增殖。结果只有不到2%的赘生物发生了消退。这说明正常细胞是组织中消除突变细胞所必需的!


正常细胞(绿色)不再增殖之后,突变细胞(红色)肆意生长


正常细胞(绿色)不能增殖后,突变细胞(红色)失控了!

Beronja博士兴奋地表示:“这是一个意想不到的修复机制!你的皮肤可以通过主动去除突变细胞,来耐受致癌突变!”

近日,Greco博士和Beronja博士的这一重要发现刊登在《自然》杂志上。这个研究告诉我们:当含有致癌突变的皮肤细胞开始形成肿瘤时,相邻的正常皮肤细胞会像惩恶扬善的警察一样,积极纠正异常细胞造成的组织缺陷!具体说来就是,正常皮肤细胞会围绕在变形的组织周围,要么将这些赘生组织消灭掉,要么将其转化成包括毛囊在内的正常皮肤结构!
是的,携带致癌突变的皮肤细胞被正常细胞包圆了,改造了,或围歼了!更有意思的是,正常的细胞在干完活之后,不会滞留原地,而是干完就走,或者边干边走。这样可以避免赘生物生成。


箭头所指为干完活就走的正常细胞
那么这种现象到底是不是毛囊干细胞所特有的,而其他细胞不存在呢?抑或,这种现象只是针对β-catenin信号通路才有的?同样的方法,研究人员在毛囊间的干细胞中,以及其他的基因突变条件下,也观察到了类似的现象。


正常细胞(绿色)围堵基因突变细胞(红色)示意图,
正常细胞一边围堵突变细胞,一边有组织有纪律地自噬,
或者撤离现场

如果让多种细胞同时发生突变,这个现象还存在么?他们让几种细胞发生突变,这被证明会导致皮肤肿瘤发生。结果在诱导突变后的第3周,小鼠的皮肤确实发生了肿瘤,面部也发生了变形(仔细看下图)。

但是在第4个月,小鼠的肿瘤消失了,皮肤又恢复了正常。当然还是会有毛囊和皮脂腺结构的产生。这说明皮肤上皮能够消除异常结构,无论其大小如何,重新建立正常的组织结构和功能。


虽然会有不适感,但是还是建议凑近看,仔细看。多种细胞突变之后,3周时小鼠发生了肿瘤面部变形(左),但4个月时小鼠面部又恢复到正常状态

Greco博士和Beronja博士的研究表明:面对异常细胞发起的不断进攻,皮肤已经形成了应对这些挑衅的机制,力图把肿瘤扼杀在摇篮里!

目前,研究人员正在研究其他活跃的组织,例如口腔粘膜细胞,以及不活跃的组织,如乳管导管的乳腺细胞;以了解保持正常组织状态的抗癌机制是否与细胞转移特征相关,而不是与细胞类型相关。

他们也在深入了解抗癌机制中涉及的具体信号,探究这些信号是如何工作的,以及出错后又是如何导致肿瘤成长的。我们希望这项研究成果可以尽快转化到临床应用中,为癌症的防治提供新的思路!

原始出处:

S Brown , CM Pineda , T Xin , et,al.Correction of aberrant growth preserves tissue homeostasis.Nature (2017) doi:10.1038/nature23304

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    2017-09-09 liye789132251
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    2017-08-16 yxch36
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    2017-08-16 明天会更好!

    不错的文章,值得学习。

    0

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    2017-08-16 flysky120

    学习一下知识

    0

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Stem cells:在成釉细胞瘤上皮细胞中,间充质干细胞分泌的IL-6促进上皮细胞-间质细胞转化和上皮干细胞样细胞特性的获得。

上皮细胞-间质细胞转化(EMT),是一种与癌症干细胞样细胞或癌症原始细胞形成相关的生理过程,对恶性肿瘤的侵袭性、转移、耐药性和复发均有一定的促进作用。成釉细胞瘤(AM),是一种良性但局限性侵袭性生长的牙源性肿瘤,目前,尚不知道EMT是否在AM的病理过程中发挥作用。本文中研究人员证明EMT和干细胞相关基因在最常见的组织变异亚型的上皮组织孤岛(滤泡AM)中表达,还发现在滤泡AM的基质腔中,IL-6信号