NSAIDs 是潜在的抑制中轴性脊柱炎放射学进展的药物

2020-10-13 李忱 医路恒睿

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)是治疗中轴性脊柱炎(SpA)患者的首选药物。近年来,包括肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)抑制剂和白细胞介素-17(IL-17)抑制剂在内的生物制剂成为新的治疗选择。然而,还没有能够明

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)是治疗中轴性脊柱炎(SpA)患者的首选药物。近年来,包括肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)抑制剂和白细胞介素-17(IL-17)抑制剂在内的生物制剂成为新的治疗选择。然而,还没有能够明确防止韧带骨赘形成的治疗策略。对强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者的研究表明,NSAIDs 具有潜在的阻止放射学进展作用,但两个随机对照试验得出了不同的结论。更广泛地说,目前可用的 SpA 的药物是否能延缓脊柱 X 线进展仍然没有定论。这篇文章回顾了 NSAIDs 和生物制剂延缓 SpA 放射学进展相关临床研究,及 NSAIDs 对骨形成影响的遗传学、动物和临床证据,并展望了未来的研究方向。

 

SpA 与新骨形成

中轴型脊柱关节病(SpA)是一种慢性炎症性的脊柱疾病,成人患病率为 0.9–1.4%,其代表疾病为强直性脊柱炎(AS)。在 SpA 中,尽管生物制剂如 TNF 抑制剂和 IL-17 抑制剂已经成为新的治疗选择,NSAIDs 仍然是一线治疗。在短期症状的缓解上,使用 NSAIDs 达标率较高,常与生物制剂联合使用。但对于 NSAIDs 是否能减缓 SpA 的放射学进展,现有研究结论并不一致。

SpA 患者可能会出现新骨形成的特征,如骶髂关节强直、韧带骨赘、甚至脊柱融合。新骨形成可明显降低脊柱的活动及功能,为患者带来较大的疾病负担,因此减少新骨形成为 SpA 治疗的重要目标之一。在临床研究中,常使用改良 Stoke 强直性脊柱炎脊柱评分系统(modified stoke ankylosing spondylitis spine score,mSASSS)对颈椎和腰椎 X 光片的放射学进展进行半定量评价,其得分增加 2 分则视为放射学进展。研究表明,2 年随访时间内,20% 的患者可有放射学进展。但 mSASSS 评价的一致性通常较低,同时其对疾病进展较不敏感,在为期 2 年的随机对照试验中,每组需 100 人才能检测出两组的显著差异。

现有证据并未显示 TNF 抑制剂或 IL-17 抑制剂能够显著延缓放射学进展。接受不同剂量 TNF 抑制剂或 IL-17 抑制剂治疗的患者之间未观察到生物制剂对延缓放射学进展的剂量效应。还有一些研究对比了是否使用生物制剂对放射学进展的影响,多数 TNF 抑制剂的研究未能发现统计学显著的影响,但两项纳入 300 人以上的观察性研究显示,TNF 抑制剂可能降低 50% 的放射学进展。IL-17 抑制剂方面,与 NSAIDs 相比,苏金单抗未能显著延缓放射学进展,一项队列研究是比较接受苏金单抗(168 人)和接受双氯芬酸(69 人)治疗的 AS 患者 2 年的放射学进展,以无放射学进展(mSASSS ≤ 0)患者比例作为终点指标,发现苏金单抗组似乎有更高但不显著的无放射学进展比例(60.7% vs. 52.2%; P = 0.2430),但该研究中 mSASSS 评价一致性较差,且双氯芬酸队列中吸烟者更多。

表1生物制剂与AS患者放射学进展相关研究

NSAIDs 与 SpA 新骨形成

对于 NSAIDs,观察性研究支持其对放射学进展的延缓作用,德国 SpA 队列接受高剂量 NSAIDs(NSAIDs 指数 ≥ 50)者 2 年放射学进展几率明显低于没有接受高剂量 NSAIDs 者,且 NSAIDs 对放射学进展的延缓作用与疾病活动度无关。但现有的 2 项随机对照试验结果相反。一项研究来自荷兰,纳入了 215 名 AS 患者,并令患者连续或按需服用 COX-2 选择性抑制剂塞来昔布 100 mg/日 2 年,研究发现,持续使用组 mSASSS 均数显著低于按需使用组(0.4 ± 1.7 vs. 1.5 ± 2.5, p = 0.002)。而另一项研究来自德国,纳入了 167 名 AS 患者,令患者连续或按需服用双氯芬酸 150 mg/日 2 年,在该研究中,连续服用组 mSASSS 的进展在数值上甚至更高。这两项研究表明,可能只有 COX-2 选择性抑制剂才能延缓放射学进展。一项新的临床试验将研究 TNF 抑制剂与塞来昔布联用对 AS 患者放射学进展的影响(ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT02758782)

表 2 NSAIDs 与 AS 患者放射学进展相关研究

 

基础研究为 NSAIDs 抑制新骨形成提供了证据。NSAIDs 为 COX-1 和 COX-2 的抑制剂。遗传学分析表明,COX-1 编码基因( PTGS1)的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)与放射学损害减少有关。体外试验表明,COX-2 可在促炎因子和机械应力的刺激下产生,并促进 PGE2 生成而参与骨代谢。动物试验表明,COX-2 敲除的小鼠骨折愈合减慢、异位骨化减少,该结论与临床 meta 分析结论一致。

 

图 1 骨代谢中的前列腺素通路。COX:环氧合酶,PGH2/PGG2/PGE2:前列腺素 H2/G2/E2,EP:前列腺素受体 E

结论与展望

尽管目前的治疗方法能有效缓解 SpA 患者的症状,但延缓放射学进展的治疗方法仍然不清。观察性研究表明,非甾体抗炎药可能会减缓 AS 患者的新骨形成;然而,两项临床试验的结果并不一致。遗传学和动物研究表明,非甾体抗炎药对骨形成有潜在的影响。未来的研究可使用更敏感的三维成像技术如 CT 等评估放射学进展,还可考虑将实验人群限定在高危放射学进展的人群中,以更高效地得出结论。此外,还应继续纳入新的可能与放射学进展有关的因素,如近年发现的 PTH 及维生素 D 的水平等指标,使得分析更加准确可靠。

表 3 X 光片与 CT 评价 SpA 对比

参考文献:

Wang R., Bathon J.M., & Ward M.M.. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs as Potential Disease-Modifying Medications in Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 72(4): pp 518–528.

翻译与解读者:李忱

李忱

北京协和医院 中医科主治医师、医学博士;

美国哈佛医学院访问学者;国际银屑病及银屑病关节炎(GRAPPA)成员;

建立全球最大 SAPHO 综合征队列研究——病人 1120 人;目前发表或接收 SAPHO 相关 SCI 文章 39 篇,累计影响因子 124.27(包括 ARD 和 JAMA Dermatology);Modern Rheumatology 、 International Journal of Rheumatology 等多本英文杂志审稿人;

2017 年 ACR 年会大会发言,2018 年 EULAR 壁报发言;

主持国家自然科学基金面上项目 1 项;完成首都卫生发展科研专项 1 项;协同创新团队项目自身炎症分课题组 PI;参与国家重点研发计划罕见病临床队列研究;

主持多项研究者发起的临床注册研究;已经完成 「静脉应用双磷酸盐治疗 SAPHO 综合征的前瞻性注册研究」(Clinical Trial:NCT 02544659);

SAPHO 综合征队列研究及多科协作获得协和医院医疗成果 2 等奖;2018 年协和未来之星 3 等奖。

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    2020-12-09 wjywjy
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    2021-09-15 d830372
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    2020-10-15 cooco
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    2020-10-15 kkunny
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    2020-10-15 amyloid
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