JAMA:USPSTF发布2016年母乳喂养指南

2016-10-26 xing.T MedSci原创

美国预防服务工作小组(USPSTF)发布了更新的母乳喂养指南,其继续推荐对打算母乳喂养的母亲在妊娠期间和产后提供支持性的干预措施。足够的证据表明,支持母乳喂养的干预措施可增加母乳喂养的时间和比例,包括纯母乳喂养。

美国预防医学工作组(USPSTF)发布了最新的母乳喂养指南,其继续推荐对计划母乳喂养的母亲在妊娠期间和产后提供支持性的干预措施。足够的证据表明,支持母乳喂养的干预措施可增加产妇母乳喂养的时间和比例。

个人层面的干预策略包括来自医疗、护理和催乳师一对一的专业支持、一对一的同伴支持以及正式的教育计划。在某些情况下,干预措施可能包括提供教育材料、文胸等。

医疗护理专业人士和泌乳专家可以提供心理支持以及实际的母乳喂养帮助,如协助母亲调整婴儿姿势、托住乳房等。

Carrie D. Patnode博士和同事发表了一篇综述,纳入了52个基础保健研究,其中43个研究针对个人层面的干预措施。

总体而言,他们发现了不同的结果,相比于常规护理,母乳喂养的支持措施和教育可以提高小于3个月和3-6个月的婴儿纯母乳喂养的可能性。

在产前、围产期和产后进行多重干预比单一时期进行干预要更有效果,但是系统层面的干预和母乳喂养率之间的关联,证据较为缺乏而且不一致。最广泛使用的系统层面的干预最初是由婴儿友好医院所倡议,它概述了医院应该促进母乳喂养的10个步骤,如帮助母亲在婴儿出生后第一个小时内进行母乳喂养,帮助母亲24小时和婴儿生活在一起。


低风险的潜在危害

虽然母乳喂养干预相关的潜在危害数据较为缺乏,但是指南的作者们注意到潜在的严重伤害出现的几率很小。从理论上讲,潜在的危害包括不进行母乳喂养的负罪感、增加的母乳喂养焦虑以及增加的产后抑郁症风险。因此,在决定是否进行母乳喂养时,临床医生应该尊重妇女的自主性。

在仅有的针对干预相关不良事件的两个研究中,其中一个研究就发现在进行14天干预和普通常规护理的产妇之间,其焦虑并没有显著差异。另一个研究报道,母乳喂养取得了良好的进展,尽管少数母亲没有参与同伴咨询干预,只有少数母亲经历了焦虑和信心下降的心理历程。

限制使用奶嘴和母乳以外的其他喂养方式的常规建议可能会对基础保健干预产生负面影响,甚至可能带来伦理问题,来自加利福尼亚大学的Valerie Flaherman医生和来自马里兰的Isabelle Von Kohorn博士在社论里写到。这两种喂养方式在爱婴医院的倡议里都被推荐使用。

“避免在新生儿期使用奶嘴这种咨询措施是支持母乳喂养的一种常用干预手段,”他们写道:“然而,有证据已经表明,婴儿使用安抚奶嘴可能与婴儿猝死综合征的风险降低有关,在美国,婴儿猝死综合征是婴儿死亡的最常见原因。”

建议产妇避免喂养母乳以外的其他喂养也可能是有问题的。他们解释道:“产妇大量产奶的时间点是变化的,对于那些初乳很少和产后4-7天没有大量产奶的产妇来说,在出生后的头几天内纯母乳喂养与婴儿高胆红素血症、脱水、再入院风险增加有关”。

作者强调了需要进一步的研究数据来确定促进母乳喂养相关的不良事件。

需要个性化的方案

母乳喂养是有益的,但医疗专业人员应该对产妇进行量身定制,根据产妇和她们的实际情况具体决策。“实施任何预防措施时,临床医生应该充分尊重产妇及其家庭的自主性,以做出适合他们自己具体情况、价值观和偏好的决定。”

Bibbins Domingo博士和他的同事认为,个性化的方案是必要的。“对每一个母亲和婴儿采用个性化的临床决断可能会产生比严格的常规做法更好的效果,”他们写道,“由于许多公共卫生和医疗资源都被引导到系统层面的干预措施以支持母乳喂养,在今后的研究中,个性化方案非常重要。

系统层面的干预可能需要反思

作者已经注意到了USPSTF的结果可能引发争议,因为只有个人层面的干预才能有效地促进母乳喂养,而他们系统层面的手段,包括爱婴医院,并不能有效地促进母乳喂养。作者的综述发现“9个系统层面的政策和产科护理实践研究中其他或纯母乳喂养的比例并不一致。”

进一步实施系统层面的干预措施需要加以反思,有待于高质量的证据,表明系统干预的安全性和有效性。“实施无效的策略,可能使那些没有证据的措施从有效的个人层面的干预措施转移资源以及增加造成不必要伤害的风险。

改善的空间很大

作者指出,在美国,80%刚成为母亲的妇女开始进行母乳喂养,有近一半的人进行6个月母乳喂养后才停止。此外,在年轻母亲和那些在低收入社区的女性,护理方面也存在显着的差异。

作者写道,在社会层面上,与男子相比,延长母乳喂养的需求使妇女在工作中处于不利地位。“因此,当基础护理干预成功地鼓励妇女进行母乳喂养时,进步政策出台之前,不相称的负担将继续重压着女性,”他们写道:“哺乳期的母亲工作地点需要专门的喂养空间,这是在政策制定时需要考虑的重要社会因素。”

附:指南下载

原始出处:
[1] Valerie Flaherman, MD, MPH1; Isabelle Von Kohorn, MD, PhD2. Interventions Intended to Support Breastfeeding Updated Assessment of Benefits and Harms. JAMA. 2016;316(16):1685-1687. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15083

[2] Diana Swift, et al. Breast-feeding Guidelines Updated by USPSTF. Medscape Medical News. 2016 October 25.

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    2017-03-14 damiao93

    喜欢看新东西,又学习了

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    2016-10-28 villahu
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    2016-10-28 lingqf