Nat Metab : 为乳酸正名:能量代谢中的丑小鸭

2020-08-02 Volibear BioArt

长久以来,乳酸都被视作无氧条件下细胞呼吸代谢产生的废物.然而,近些年来一些新兴的证据表明,乳酸也可作为一种主要的可循环碳水化合物燃料来发挥作用。

长久以来,乳酸都被视作无氧条件下细胞呼吸代谢产生的废物,剧烈运动下的肌肉或者缺氧的组织中积累的特性,仿佛是乳酸无法摆脱的“废物”特性。然而,近些年来一些新兴的证据表明,在哺乳动物中,乳酸也可作为一种主要的可循环碳水化合物燃料来发挥作用。作为哺乳动物细胞内三碳化合物池,乳酸可以为其提供便捷的三碳化合物来源,同时,循环的乳酸也使得糖酵解与碳水化合物驱动的线粒体能量生成解偶联。乳酸和丙酮酸一起还可以用作循环的氧化还原缓冲液,平衡细胞和组织中NADH/NAD的比例。

近日,美国普林斯顿大学Joshua D. Rabinowitz与瑞典哥德堡大学Sven Enerb?ck合作在Nature Metabolism杂志上发表文章Lactate: the ugly duckling of energy metabolism,正式为乳酸这个代谢领域的丑小鸭正名,它可能会成为重塑能量代谢领域的白天鹅。

传统观点:葡萄糖是燃料,乳酸是废物

碳水化合物约占人体热量摄入的一半。碳水化合物多以淀粉的方式被食用,然后在小肠中被分解为葡萄糖,葡萄糖被吸收到门静脉循环并传递到肝脏,肝脏吸收一部分饮食中的葡萄糖然后将其以糖原的形式储存起来,在饥饿状态期间释放。而剩余的葡萄糖则分布在整个身体中作为燃料,这些葡萄糖中的一部分会被转化为乳酸,葡萄糖和乳酸是哺乳动物中两个含量最丰富的循环碳载体。

生物体可以通过两个过程从葡萄糖中获取能量:发酵作用和呼吸作用(fermentation and respiration)。两者都开始于通过糖酵解将葡萄糖分解为两个丙酮酸分子,并伴随产生两个ATP和两个NADH分子。在发酵过程中,NADH用于将丙酮酸还原为乳酸,然后将其排出。该过程导致每个葡萄糖的净产率为两个ATP和两个乳酸分子而不消耗氧气。而在氧化呼吸中,糖酵解产生的NADH电子和丙酮酸运输到线粒体中,在那里被消耗并随后产生大量可用能量(每个葡萄糖大约25个ATP分子)。尽管化学键被重排,乳酸的原子数是葡萄糖的一半,而丙酮酸比葡萄糖或乳酸的氧化程度更高。具体来看,每个乳酸分子比丙酮酸多携带两个氢原子。这两个氢原子由两个质子和两个电子组成,为了将葡萄糖或乳酸转化为丙酮酸,这些电子必须被处理掉,在这个过程中需要将存储在NADH中的电子传递到线粒体。当有氧气存在时,线粒体中的电子传输链可以快速利用NADH的电子进而产生能量。如果没有氧气,线粒体将无法再有效清除电子。因此,在厌氧条件下,发酵是唯一的代谢选择。即使有氧气可用,通过氧化磷酸化产生的ATP也会受到氧气吸收率的限制。因此,在诸如剧烈运动之类的条件下,发酵是更加快速的能量产生方法,此时乳酸作为代谢废物被释放出来。

新兴观点:葡萄糖作为特定燃料,乳酸作为通用燃料

尽管被认为是一种代谢废物,但是实际上哺乳动物并不会直接排泄乳酸。实际上,二氧化碳是我们大量排泄的唯一含碳废物。膳食中的碳完全氧化为CO2可以最大限度地提取食物中的可用能量。这一点如何实现?传统的生化书上告诉我们葡萄糖和乳酸可以通过糖酵解和糖异生过程相互转化。按照这个逻辑我们可以产生这样推演:(1)大多数细胞通过吸收葡萄糖并将其完全氧化为CO2来从碳水化合物中提取能量;(2)面临特别紧迫能源需求的细胞吸收了多余的葡萄糖,并释放出一些乳酸作为废物;(3)肝脏“清除”这种乳酸,将其转化为葡萄糖。在这种情况下,乳酸仅作为产生葡萄糖的底物才有价值。

但是上述推演是对哺乳动物的代谢通量有两个明显的假设:1.组织葡萄糖的消耗量应远远超过乳酸的消耗量;2.全身乳酸的产生速率应大致等于肝脏和肾脏在糖异生过程中使用的乳酸量。

如何验证这些假设呢?在实际操作中我们可以用两种方法测量相关的代谢通量:代谢物浓度的动-静脉差异和同位素示踪。动-静脉代谢物浓度差异的测量结果比较支持传统的观点。但是这种方法存在明显的局限性,在某些情况下,例如股动脉和静脉,血管床(vascular bed)会流经多种活动可能相互抵消的组织类型(皮肤,脂肪,骨骼和各种类型的肌肉)。而另一种方法同位素示踪测量却得出了不同的结果:在啮齿动物和人类中,始终显示饥饿状态下的乳酸循环通量约为葡萄糖摩尔数的两倍,因此在碳原子基础上是等效的(因为两个乳酸等于一个葡萄糖)。这些测量结果的直接解释是,由糖酵解产生的丙酮酸很少会在细胞内直接流入三羧酸(TCA)循环,而是转化为乳酸并释放到血液中。此过程需要乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和单羧酸转运蛋白(MCT)的帮助。事实上最近已经有研究证明了乳酸其实是TCA循坏的主要燃料。更大可能性是,在细胞水平上,葡萄糖的摄取可能与碳水化合物的燃烧并无关联,乳酸才是通用的碳水化合物燃料。

糖酵解和TCA的解偶联

在没有乳酸的情况下,糖酵解必须与TCA循坏同步进行,而乳酸的基本作用就是使糖酵解和TCA循坏这两个途径解除偶联。但是,大多数哺乳动物细胞同时表达LDH和MCT,因此可以独立进行糖酵解和TCA循环,这种解偶联有多普遍呢?与葡萄糖使用受到相对限制相一致的是,氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像(PET)成像研究显示,大脑、肿瘤和炎症区域会大量摄取葡萄糖,但人体其他许多部位却很少摄取,这一数据与葡萄糖转运蛋白的表达是相符的,后者在大脑和激活的免疫细胞中最强。与葡萄糖转运蛋白的表达受限制(使葡萄糖吸收成为新陈代谢的关键门控步骤)相反,MCT的近乎普遍表达使乳酸可自由用于身体的所有细胞。乳酸作为主要的循环碳水化合物能源的使用为特别重要的系统(如大脑和免疫系统)和生化功能保留了葡萄糖,可以让机体根据更高级的需求来调节葡萄糖的使用。例如,在淋巴细胞中,葡萄糖的进入受其激活和增殖的调节。而且,乳酸在整个身体中迅速交换,这也倾向于使局部乳酸的积累最小化。

作为氧化还原的缓冲剂

乳酸和丙酮酸都在循环,血液中的乳酸含量大约比丙酮酸高20倍。MCT既可以转运乳酸也可以转运丙酮酸,丙酮酸和乳酸一旦进入细胞,就会通过LDH的作用迅速相互转化。LDH净通量的方向取决于相对于LDH平衡常数(Keq)的反应商(Q)。Q> Keq 则表示乳酸消耗。乳酸的消耗和糖酵解都需要NAD作为底物。在LDH反应接近平衡的基础上,细胞内乳酸与丙酮酸的比值经常被用作胞内NADH与NAD比值的替代指标。考虑到细胞和循环之间丙酮酸-乳酸的快速交换,所以循环中乳酸和丙酮酸的丰度可能决定它们的细胞内浓度,而细胞内浓度又可能决定了细胞内NADH-NAD的比率,事实上已经有相关的证据证实了这一点。因此乳酸丙酮酸交换通过平衡整个生物体的氧化还原状态,使组织氧化还原状态维持稳定。

与某些其他重要的能量分子(例如脂肪酸)相比,乳酸的血清浓度具有严格的稳态,乳酸浓度过高会发生乳酸性酸中毒。循环乳酸水平如何调节?乳酸进出细胞受MCT 1-4(Slc16a1,Slc16a7,Slc16a3和Slc16a4)控制。这些蛋白质的表达和活性都可能受到调节,以控制体内乳酸稳态。此外,乳酸的产出与消耗也可以调节其相对浓度。

未来展望

在发生胰岛素抵抗的机体中,细胞由于缺乏胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取而使其碳来源受到限制,那么循环中的乳酸可能作为能量底物在细胞中发挥关键作用,个体间乳酸处理差异是否有可以解释糖尿病的发病机理?或者解释糖尿病人并发症的轻重?这是非常值得探索的问题。除此之外,关于乳酸和乳酸代谢还有许多值得思考的问题,而这也使得这个代谢领域中的丑小鸭愈发变得迷人。

原始出处:

Joshua D Rabinowitz , Sven Enerbck.Lactate: the ugly duckling of energy metabolism.Nat Metab. 2020 Jul;2(7):566-571. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0243-4.

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    2021-07-13 一闲
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884536, encodeId=a21a188453675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Jul 04 11:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896715, encodeId=2f5b1896e15e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Tue Jul 13 22:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888187, encodeId=8bb0188818ece, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Mon May 31 07:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=884719, encodeId=26b2884e1930, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d1523811e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳酸#</a>不是坏事,它可以促进肌肉生长,同时还可能有其它的作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23811, encryptionId=9d1523811e6, topicName=乳酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Sep 12 11:09:09 CST 2020, time=2020-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492721, encodeId=4a661492e2174, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7050842e999' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#能量代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84279, encryptionId=7050842e999, topicName=能量代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38b18951187, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Tue Aug 04 01:47:33 CST 2020, time=2020-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805893, encodeId=077f805893cd, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200803/d669a8255ef042b4b50cb4b323fac1e4/3da0f519fc71432ca9a2f4c05279c082.jpg, createdBy=a8312408082, createdName=chenny, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 12:17:30 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805842, encodeId=87638058422f, content=存在即有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b972455532, createdName=1240394fm61暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 05:55:06 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805724, encodeId=855d805e24d5, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 02 10:48:17 CST 2020, time=2020-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-05-31 guojianrong
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884536, encodeId=a21a188453675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Jul 04 11:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896715, encodeId=2f5b1896e15e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Tue Jul 13 22:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888187, encodeId=8bb0188818ece, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Mon May 31 07:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=884719, encodeId=26b2884e1930, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d1523811e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳酸#</a>不是坏事,它可以促进肌肉生长,同时还可能有其它的作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23811, encryptionId=9d1523811e6, topicName=乳酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Sep 12 11:09:09 CST 2020, time=2020-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492721, encodeId=4a661492e2174, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7050842e999' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#能量代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84279, encryptionId=7050842e999, topicName=能量代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38b18951187, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Tue Aug 04 01:47:33 CST 2020, time=2020-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805893, encodeId=077f805893cd, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200803/d669a8255ef042b4b50cb4b323fac1e4/3da0f519fc71432ca9a2f4c05279c082.jpg, createdBy=a8312408082, createdName=chenny, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 12:17:30 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805842, encodeId=87638058422f, content=存在即有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b972455532, createdName=1240394fm61暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 05:55:06 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805724, encodeId=855d805e24d5, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 02 10:48:17 CST 2020, time=2020-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-12 lovetcm

    #乳酸#不是坏事,它可以促进肌肉生长,同时还可能有其它的作用

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884536, encodeId=a21a188453675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Jul 04 11:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896715, encodeId=2f5b1896e15e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Tue Jul 13 22:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888187, encodeId=8bb0188818ece, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Mon May 31 07:47:33 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=884719, encodeId=26b2884e1930, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d1523811e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳酸#</a>不是坏事,它可以促进肌肉生长,同时还可能有其它的作用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23811, encryptionId=9d1523811e6, topicName=乳酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Sep 12 11:09:09 CST 2020, time=2020-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1492721, encodeId=4a661492e2174, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7050842e999' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#能量代谢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84279, encryptionId=7050842e999, topicName=能量代谢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=38b18951187, createdName=amyloid, createdTime=Tue Aug 04 01:47:33 CST 2020, time=2020-08-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805893, encodeId=077f805893cd, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200803/d669a8255ef042b4b50cb4b323fac1e4/3da0f519fc71432ca9a2f4c05279c082.jpg, createdBy=a8312408082, createdName=chenny, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 12:17:30 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805842, encodeId=87638058422f, content=存在即有意义, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4b972455532, createdName=1240394fm61暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Aug 03 05:55:06 CST 2020, time=2020-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=805724, encodeId=855d805e24d5, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 02 10:48:17 CST 2020, time=2020-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-03 chenny

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-08-03 1240394fm61暂无昵称

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    2020-08-02 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

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