儿童湿疹怎么办?五类常见药物来帮您

2022-03-23 逸仙药学V 逸仙药学V

治疗儿童湿疹药物,应根据具体情况来合理选择用药!

婴儿湿疹,俗称之为奶癣,是由多种内外因素引起的过敏性皮肤炎症,为婴儿时期最常见的皮肤病之一,易反复发作,如果宝宝容易过敏,往往也容易得湿疹。

婴儿湿疹的好发部位,常常以头面部为主,逐渐蔓延至颈部、肩部、躯干和四肢等部位。当患儿发病时瘙痒剧烈,小儿哭闹不安,常挠抓,皮肤破溃流血,难以入睡,影响其睡眠和进食,降低患儿的生活质量

另外,如果湿疹反复不好,时间长了,皮肤会变厚,颜色变深,影响美观。作为宝妈,每当看到宝宝如此难受,内心肯定着急万分。那我们应该怎么做呢?

1、湿疹导致瘙痒,婴儿烦躁不安,不断抓挠,抓挠之后更痒,痒了再抓挠,形成一个恶性循环,而且更容易引发感染,因此小编建议宝妈给小宝宝戴上小手套,降低因抓挠导致湿疹症状加重。

2、当症状比较轻微时,我们可以使用无气味的、浓稠的保湿乳膏或润肤软膏来防止皮肤过于干燥,洗澡后立即涂抹有助于缓解症状。

3、此外,同时应尽量避开可加重湿疹的因素,例如:未使用保湿乳膏或软膏进行治疗,使得皮肤干燥;过热或出汗过多;处于过于干燥的环境;紧张或焦虑;温度突然变化;使用刺激性的清洁产品;接触香水;接触羊毛或合成纤维织物(如聚酯纤维)。

当症状较重,通过保湿皮肤和生活上的调理都无法改善时,我们需要药物辅助以改善症状。那有哪些药可以用呢?又有什么要注意的呢?

1、收敛药

炉甘石洗剂由炉甘石、氧化锌、甘油组成,其中炉甘石、氧化锌有收敛、保护皮肤、抑菌作用,而甘油有保湿作用。炉甘石洗剂具有止痒消炎的作用,可用于婴儿湿疹,刺激性小,但一般不宜用于有渗出液或有破损的皮肤,因为可能会引起明显的疼痛,此时应慎用。注意使用前需要摇匀,用小刷子蘸取涂于患处,一日24次。其他具有收敛、保护皮肤作用的药物还包括氧化锌软膏、鞣酸软膏等。

2、外用激素软膏

该类药物用于皮肤,能缓解瘙痒和发红,但很多宝妈对此类药物有恐惧心理,因而盲目拒绝使用,但其实对中重度婴儿湿疹的治疗,此类药物的外用药膏是首选,使用得当,通常不会导致副作用。 

由于婴儿的皮肤薄,外用激素药物容易被吸收,长期使用强效激素会产生副作用,因此对于婴儿湿疹,首选外用低效(弱效)激素如1%氢化可的松软膏、0.1%丁酸氢化可的松乳膏,弱效外用激素小范围使用,并按照规范逐渐减量停药,在降低药物副作用的同时也避免了湿疹的反复和病情加重。

在众多外用激素中氟替卡松、莫米松乳膏虽然属于中、强效激素。

氟替卡松、莫米松乳膏的特点是全身吸收很少或者在皮肤内被吸收后能迅速地被分解代谢为无活性的降解产物,而局部却保留高度的活性,因此也可用于婴儿湿疹。一般连续用药不应超过23周,皮损消退后即可停药,再发再用。或以弱效糖皮质激素制剂或非糖皮质激素类抗炎剂维持治疗;注意不应大面积长期使用。

3、抗组胺药

口服H1抗组胺药广泛用于治疗湿疹以减轻瘙痒,对于因瘙痒影响睡眠的患者,第一代镇静类抗组胺药如苯海拉明、氯苯那敏等会更合适,既抗过敏又有镇静作用,但这类药物新生儿和早产儿禁用。 

第二代抗组胺药,比如西替利嗪、氯雷他定或地氯雷他定,通常无嗜睡的不良反应,地氯雷他定糖浆和西替利嗪滴剂可用于1岁以上儿童,西替利嗪糖浆、氯雷他定糖浆可用于2岁以上儿童。

外用抗组胺药苯海拉明软膏对于局部皮肤瘙痒也具有缓解作用。

4、外用抗菌药物

湿疹发生时,皮肤破损容易导致感染,而且患儿因瘙痒感容易搔抓破损处,更易导致细菌侵入。局部外用抗生素(如莫匹罗星软膏、硼酸软膏)可以控制感染,防止细菌侵入。

5、外用免疫调节剂

外用免疫调节剂如他克莫司,吡美莫司等,属于钙磷酸酶抑制剂,作为不愿意使用激素的二线选择,长期使用时不会产生皮质激素类的副作用,主要的副作用为初始用药时的短暂烧灼感。

2岁以下的患儿不建议使用,因可导致上感发病率升高,因此使用前需要皮肤科医生评估并在医生指导下使用。

参考文献:

[1]中华医学会皮肤性病学分会免疫学组,特应性皮炎协作研究中心.中国特应性皮炎诊疗指南2014版).2014

[2] 朱晓倩.婴儿湿疹临床特征分析[J].光明中医,2019,34(24):3699-3701.

[3]白晓云.婴儿湿疹临床表现与治疗的相关研究进展[J].广东化工,2019,46(20):67-69.

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    2022-08-18 ms8000000716076118

    学习了

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    2022-03-25 ms7000001074540642

    我加用鞣酸软膏多。

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    2022-03-25 377636243

    学习了。地奈德也是弱效激素吧 。

    0

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    2022-03-24 医路前行4231

    学习了

    0

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