Nat Neurosci :科学家拍了拍你,“社恐”别怕……触摸可以带来治愈力量

2020-08-02 药明康德内容团队 学术经纬

神经科学家发现,在友好的社交过程中,触摸会和大脑分泌的一种物质形成奇妙的关系。这些发现可以为自闭症、精神分裂、创伤后应激综合征等疾病的患者带来新的治疗方案,因为这些患者往往无法从与他人交往中获得愉悦。

前不久,微信上线了一个很有意思的小功能“拍一拍”,你玩过了没?它可以让你体验一把“远程触觉感知”。触觉,和视觉、听觉一样,是我们重要的感官知觉。从轻柔的抚摸,到沉重的击打,人与人之间的触碰,在社交互动中扮演着极为丰富的角色。

根据一项最近发表在《自然》子刊Nature Neuroscience上的研究,神经科学家发现,在友好的社交过程中,触摸会和大脑分泌的一种物质形成奇妙的关系。

这种物质就是大名鼎鼎的催产素(oxytocin)。从字面意思来看,它的一个作用是在母亲分娩时调节子宫收缩。不过,这种激素并非女性特有,也并不只和母性行为有关。近些年许多相关研究提示,当催产素在体内分泌增加,有助于人和人之间建立依恋关系和信任感,还有助于镇痛、减压和抗焦虑,等等。

过去也有人猜测,之所以抚摸、拥抱等肢体接触使人身心愉悦,可能是因为这会促进大脑分泌催产素。不过,引发催产素分泌的实际原因是什么,以及催产素如何促进社交行为,过去由于技术手段的局限很难真正去证实。而在这项新研究中,科学家们采用多种先进的神经生物学手段,终于“眼见为实”。

研究人员利用光遗传学标记结合在体微电极,记录了大鼠脑中催产素能神经元的活动,看看在大鼠自由社交时这些神经元会有何变化。

为了避免雄性之间的打斗、异性之间的交配等其他社交行为产生干扰,研究人员选择了雌性大鼠作为实验对象,观察“小姐妹”之间的社交。和女孩子一样,雌性大鼠也喜欢通过友好的触碰来互动,比如头碰头、勾肩搭背什么的。

结果,有趣的现象发生了。当它们彼此之间没有肢体接触时,就算可以看到、听到和闻到对方,脑中的催产素能神经元也没有什么大的反应。而当研究人员帮它们解除人为的隔离后,一旦有了肢体接触,短短几秒钟之内,催产素能神经元就明显兴奋起来。随后的血液检测结果也显示,雌鼠们体内的催产素分泌量随之增多。

“勾肩搭背”时,催产素能神经元的放电速度显着加快,变得更兴奋.研究人员进一步发现,在动物的下丘脑区域有两类催产素能神经元,其中一类数量虽少,只占3%,但可以提供“开关”作用,只要刺激这一小撮催产素能神经元,就可以进一步激活大脑的整个催产素系统,最终调节动物的社交行为。

于是更有意思的现象发生了:当研究人员用遗传学操作手段特异性地抑制这撮神经元后,动物们表现得“社恐”起来,主动拒绝肢体接触;反之,如果人为激活这些特殊的神经元后,雌性大鼠之间会花更多时间与同伴互动。肢体接触激活了一小部分催产素能神经元,随后激活大脑的整个催产素系统,让动物更乐意社交。

研究人员总结说,这些实验首次揭示了大脑的催产素系统与社交互动中的肢体接触之间有一个正反馈机制,并且从神经环路中找到了一群可以调控社交行为的神经元,也许将来可以以此为靶点,开发特异而高效的药物促进大脑释放催产素。论文中指出,这些发现也可以为自闭症、精神分裂、创伤后应激综合征等疾病的患者带来新的治疗方案,因为这些患者往往无法从与他人交往中获得愉悦的感觉。

话说回来,了解到了社交互动背后有这样的神经机制,对于社交意愿不强的“社恐”来说,如果想要打破僵局、增进互动,也许可以试试从友好的触碰开始,比如握个手、碰个肘,或者……拍一拍?

原始出处:

Yan Tang, Diego Benusiglio, Arthur Lefevre, et al.Social touch promotes interfemale communication via activation of parvocellular oxytocin neurons.Nat Neurosci. 2020 Jul 27. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-0674-y.

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    2021-01-14 liye789132251
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    2020-08-04 lsndxfj
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    2020-08-03 月瘦如眉

    学习

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    2020-08-02 573722703

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    2020-08-02 医鸣惊人

    学习了

    0

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