华人学者揭示生病为什么会口苦

2015-05-04 何嫱 生物通

生病的人常常会抱怨他们的味觉发生了改变。根据Nature网站的新闻报告,研究人员现在证实这种感官变化是由于触发炎症的一种蛋白所引起。相比于正常小鼠,不能生成TNF-α蛋白的小鼠对苦味的敏感性降低。相关论文发表在4月21日的《大脑、行为和免疫》(Brain, Behavior, and Immunity)杂志上。罹患感染、自身免疫疾病或其他炎症疾病的人比健康人的TNF-α水平要高,并且这一蛋白减少了

生病的人常常会抱怨他们的味觉发生了改变。根据Nature网站的新闻报告,研究人员现在证实这种感官变化是由于触发炎症的一种蛋白所引起。相比于正常小鼠,不能生成TNF-α蛋白的小鼠对苦味的敏感性降低。相关论文发表在4月21日的《大脑、行为和免疫》(Brain, Behavior, and Immunity)杂志上。

罹患感染、自身免疫疾病或其他炎症疾病的人比健康人的TNF-α水平要高,并且这一蛋白减少了食物摄入。为了调查TNF-α对于味道的影响,Monell化学感官中心的研究人员利用了一种无法生成TNF-α蛋白的遗传工程小鼠。

研究人员向这些遗传工程小鼠和正常小鼠提供含有不同类型及浓度调味剂的水。无法生成TNF-α蛋白的小鼠对甜味、酸味、鲜味和咸味调味剂可以产生正常的反应,但对苦味调味剂则不太敏感。

研究作者、Monell化学感官中心分子生物学家汪宏(Hong Wang,音译)说:“正常小鼠会在较低的浓度时辨别出这种味道。小鼠知道这是苦的,因此不会喜欢它。但如果没有TNF-α基因,那么小鼠将仅会在较高浓度时开始避开这种苦味溶液。”

味觉

在一些试验中,研究人员让小鼠饮用淡水或是调味溶液;通过测量水瓶中溶液的水平变化来确定小鼠对于一种特殊味道的敏感性。在另一些实验中,小鼠只有几秒的时间饮水,同时有一台机器计算它们舔食调味溶液的次数——这一测试将小鼠饮用测试液体之后的后遗效应的影响降到了最小。

正常小鼠和遗传工程小鼠在两类实验中都显示同样的口味偏好,表明它们是基于味道而非调味剂的后遗效应选择了液体。

但这些行为实验无法确定对苦味的反应降低是否反映了小鼠舌头或是大脑味觉处理区域发生了改变。为了阐明这一点,研究人员记录了将味觉信号从舌头传送至大脑的神经的电活动。相比于正常小鼠,在这些遗传工程小鼠中外周味觉神经响应苦味放电减少,表明TNF-α对味蕾起作用。

Salk生物研究所神经免疫学家Jan-Sebastian Grigolei说,这是一个相对较新的概念。TNF-α属于一类称作为细胞因子的小信号分子,众所周知细胞因子在免疫反应中起重要作用。但研究人员发现细胞因子也帮助调控了身体其他的系统。

与舌头的联系

德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的精神生物学家Robert Dantzer谨慎指出,新研究的结果可以有多种解释。在没有TNF-α的情况下成长有可能引起了遗传工程小鼠的发育异常,这有可能解释它们对苦味的耐受。

同样研究作者也惊讶于缺失TNF-α只影响了苦味味觉,因为他们发现许多类型的味觉细胞似乎都有这一蛋白的受体。(舌头的味蕾中有一些细胞也生成了这一蛋白,但这些细胞专门感知甜味和鲜味。)

汪宏说,研究小组现正打算调查生病过程中高水平的TNF-α是否使得人们对苦味更加的敏感。

原始出处:

Pu Feng,Masafumi Jyotaki,Agnes Kim,et al.Regulation of bitter taste responses by tumor necrosis factor. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Available online 21 April 2015;doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.001

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    2016-09-13 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

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    0

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    2015-11-06 tangguanqun

    呵呵

    0

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    2015-05-05 zhouanxiu

    有道理

    0

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    2015-05-04 hbwang006

    学习了,外国人就是……

    0

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    2015-05-04 medcardio

    怪异的研究

    0

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