Genome Res:重磅喜讯:全基因组测序助力准父母订制双胞胎!

2015-03-02 佚名 生物谷

一个科学家研究小组开发出一种新型的全基因组测序方法: 可用来检测体外受精(IVF)的胚胎是否发生了突变 随着女性生殖年龄的推迟及环境等因素,许多育龄夫妇虽然很想要孩子,但是由于身体的原因一直不能如愿。随着生物科学和医学研究的发展,对于这样的夫妇来说,终于有补救措施了——他们可以寄希望于试管婴儿技术,生育可爱的宝宝!自1978年世界首例试管婴儿(IVF婴儿)降临后,迄今已经有500多万的

一个科学家研究小组开发出一种新型的全基因组测序方法:

可用来检测体外受精(IVF)的胚胎是否发生了突变

随着女性生殖年龄的推迟及环境等因素,许多育龄夫妇虽然很想要孩子,但是由于身体的原因一直不能如愿。随着生物科学和医学研究的发展,对于这样的夫妇来说,终于有补救措施了——他们可以寄希望于试管婴儿技术,生育可爱的宝宝!自1978年世界首例试管婴儿(IVF婴儿)降临后,迄今已经有500多万的新生命是采用IVF技术出生。

什么是IVF技术?

IVF英文全称“in vitro fertilization”,中文即体外受精联合胚胎移植技术,又称试管婴儿。是指分别将卵子与精子取出后,置于试管内使其受精,再将胚胎前体---受精卵移植回母体子宫内发育成胎儿。这种人工方法首先要将卵子和精子在体外受精并进行早期胚胎发育,然后移植到母体子宫内发育而诞生的婴儿。它通过促排卵技术促进女性卵巢内的卵泡发育,然后从中取出卵子进行体外人工受精,再将发育的胚胎移植到子宫里孕育,主要用于治疗不孕症(目前也有少部分人群用于订制“双胞胎”)。

IVF技术助力准父母订制“双胞胎”

如今部分事业有成的年轻夫妇,希望多要几个孩子,他们有的因为政策不允许有的因为夫妻不想经历多次妊娠,而希望借力辅助生殖技术,达到“一次怀多子”的目的。例如歌坛天后席琳迪翁在2010年在经历了6次人工授精后诞下一对双胞胎男孩。

然而由于不是每个卵子都能受精,不是每个受精卵都能发育成有活力的胚胎,因此要从女性体内获得多个卵子,才能保证有可以移植的胚胎。当女性取卵时,男性进行取精。精液经过特殊的洗涤过程后,将精卵放在特殊的培养基中,以期自然结合。这就是所谓的常规受精方式。因为这一过程是在医生的人工操纵下进行的,为了保证受精卵的质量,一般会多选几个卵细胞进行受精,在它们发育到一定程度时,选择最好的2~4个植入母体子宫腔内,最后保留一个最好的胚胎,让其在子宫内着床发育,直至胎儿诞生。但有些女性的身体条件允许两个胚胎同时发育,加之自己又有要求,医生也可为其保留两个胚胎,于是就产生了双胞胎。这种采用IVF技术导致的多胎妊娠率显着高于自然妊娠,约为25-30%左右。

IVF技术的核心第一步:胚胎植入前遗传学诊断(PGD)

为了减轻夫妻经历难以受孕的压力,生殖医学中心会为每一对选择试管婴儿技术生育儿女的夫妇,在试管中培育出若干个胚胎,在胚胎植入母体之前,按照遗传学原理对这些胚胎作诊断(此方法简称PGD),用以检测胚胎的基因突变和染色体异常,从中选择最符合优生条件的那一个胚胎植入母体。

PGD技术是指从体外受精第3日的卵裂球取1-2个细胞或第5第6日的囊胚取3-10个外滋养层细胞,进行遗传学分析;然后再从中选择遗传学正常的胚胎用于移植,得到健康下一代。PGD技术一般可用于筛查单基因遗传病、常染色体隐性遗传,肉B-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血、纤维囊性变;常染色体现性遗传病(如a- 珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血);X-染色体伴性遗传(如血友病);三联体重复序列异常(如脆性X染色体综合征);染色体数目、结构异常,非整倍体,平衡易位,罗伯逊易位等。

因为PGD是指利用显微操作技术和DNA分析技术对移入到子宫腔之前的胚胎的染色体异常或遗传性疾病进行诊断,选择无异常的胚胎移植入子宫后建立妊娠,从而防止遗传病患儿的妊娠和出生。不幸的是,一直以来对胚胎进行全基因组的系统扫描并检测其连续突变具有较大的难度。

全基因组测序技术(WGS)助力IVF技术筛选优质囊胚

来自CG公司(Complete Genomics)、Reprogenetics公司以及纽约大学生殖中心(NYU Fertility Center)的科学家开发出一种新的“全基因组测序”的方法,或许可以解决这一难题。他们从刚刚接受体外受精的试管胚胎中提取5到10个细胞组织,进行扫描,分析其可能存在的不利突变。这项研究以“Detection and phasing of single base de novo mutations in biopsies from human in vitro fertilized embryos by advanced whole-genome sequencing”一文在线发布2月11日的Genome Research期刊上。

从左到右依次是A-DNA、B-DNA和Z-DNA的3种构型(来源:维基百科)

首先,研究者从2个IVF胚胎中挑选的3个活体细胞组织进行基因测序以寻找新生突变,发现精子和卵子的突变并不完全继承父母双亲的基因。那些自发的突变常常会引起先天性混乱,例如自闭症、癫痫以及一些严重的智力问题。

CG公司的首席科学家Radoje Drmanac博士和领衔这项研究、文章的共同作者Brock Peters则认为:由于每个个体基因引起的新生突变平均小于100个,而要检出父母双方的原始突变,这能够导致许多类型的疾病,需要极低的错误率。

过去从胚胎的囊胚中提取5到10个细胞活体组织,在进行测序前,DNA先被扩增。由于缺乏复制的保真度,扩增过程将产生成千上万个错误,其中很多错误将会导致连续的突变,并产生假阳性结果。现在的方法,是利用长片段的读取技术,可以消除100,000个测序错误,若是用于临床上,将会减少100个错误折叠。

根据文章所述,科学家能够检测出IVF胚胎中82%的新生突变。有意思的是,他们在一个胚胎中的蛋白编码区域找不到任何突变,而来自同一夫妇的另一个胚胎则出现了2个编码突变,分别是ZNF266和SLC26a10基因,这些基因的突变导致了很严重的疾病或遗传缺陷。然而科学家目前还不清楚他们所观察到的特殊突变是否会导致胎儿的其他健康风险。Drmanac教授和Peters教授补充道:现在最大的问题是怎样分析这些突变对医学的影响,并基于这些结果做出何种决定。

此外,科学家认为全基因组测序技术(WGS)对试管婴儿(IVF)的另一好处是可以用于难以获得细胞的临床应用,譬如肿瘤循环细胞及胎儿循环细胞。

原始出处

Peters BA1, Kermani BG2, Alferov O2, Agarwal MR2, McElwain MA2, Gulbahce N2, Hayden DM2, Tang YT3, Zhang RY2, Tearle R2, Crain B2, Prates R4, Berkeley A5, Munné S4, Drmanac R3.Detection and phasing of single base de novo mutations in biopsies from human in vitro fertilized embryos by advanced whole-genome sequencing.Genome Res. 2015 Feb 11.

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