盘点:Nature等:DNA编码文库或推动制药公司新药开发新高度

2016-02-26 佚名 生物谷

药物的发现是一项非常艰巨的工作,其需要化学家们从数百万种化合物中筛选最终寻找最适合的那一个,而DNA技术或许就可以明显加速药物的发现之旅。 在麻省沃尔瑟姆市一个普通混凝土楼房二楼的实验室冰箱中保存着一个具有明确标识的检测管,该管中含有天文学数字尺度那么多的混合物,而这些众多的化合物属于制药公司葛兰素史克(GSK)所有,其中包含有1万亿个特殊的DNA标记的分子,其数量是银河系中行星数量的10倍

药物的发现是一项非常艰巨的工作,其需要化学家们从数百万种化合物中筛选最终寻找最适合的那一个,而DNA技术或许就可以明显加速药物的发现之旅。

在麻省沃尔瑟姆市一个普通混凝土楼房二楼的实验室冰箱中保存着一个具有明确标识的检测管,该管中含有天文学数字尺度那么多的混合物,而这些众多的化合物属于制药公司葛兰素史克(GSK)所有,其中包含有1万亿个特殊的DNA标记的分子,其数量是银河系中行星数量的10倍。

这些文库可以帮助制药公司和生物技术公司快速鉴别出可以和疾病蛋白配对的候选药物,尤其是那些很难靶向作用的参与疾病的特殊蛋白质;药物的发现通常都从科学家们开始组装大量的化合物文库开始,随后研究者就会检测这些化合物靶向作用蛋白的效力,这些化合物通常会被加入到每一个包含靶点的孔中来观察是否化合物是否会影响这些靶点的活力,这种方法称之为高通量筛选(high-throughput screening,HTS),其通常是利用机器人设备自动化地对数百万种化合物进行检测,但目前这种技术的花费非常昂贵,而且有时候并不总是会成功。

过去一些年里,药物化学家已经通过利用条形码样的DNA来对化合物进行标记从而帮助发现更加有用且有效的化合物,这些DNA编码的文库通常会提供多种药物寻找的优势;这样一来研究者们就会将所有DNA标记的分子置于单一的混合制剂中,随后引入靶向蛋白,这样一来结合靶向蛋白的任何一种化合物就会被轻松鉴别出来,而这都得感谢DNA条码的帮助。1992年科学家们首先提出DNA编码文库,DNA编码文库并不会取代高通量筛查技术,很多制药公司目前已经重金投资到了HTS中,而且利用DNA编码技术有时候并不能合成一些化合物,但相比较而言DNA编码技术却会为科学家们提供一种快速、高效且廉价地寻找结合靶点的化合物的技术,比如泛蛋白连接酶,其会对蛋白进行标记并进行处理,同样也可以在癌症疗法中被靶向标记。

大即是美(Big is beautiful)

当前GSK公司拥有世界上最大的DNA编码文库(DNA-encoded library),该文库是一般公司200万化合物高通量筛查文库的50万倍。构建DNA编码文库有很多种方法,最大的一种,就像GSK公司的,其是通过利用DNA记录的方法来进行的。化学结构单元,比如氨基酸、胺类和羧酸类,其都可以被合成同时通过化学反应被标记以“DNA条形码”,第二种结构元件就会加入到反应混合物中从而制造一种新分子,同时DNA条形码就会被加长;通过加入四种元件,化学家们就可以开发出药物样的分子,由于存在数千种的结构元件,因此潜在的组合将会是非常巨大的。

相比常规的HTS文库而言,DNA编码文库非常容易维护且使用,一种DNA编码文库可以被储存于单一的检测管中,而HTS文库则需要机器人设施,而相应的设施需要足够大才可以储存每一种化合物。

未来DNA编码文库不仅将会更大更加广泛,而且还会提供很多机会帮助快速应用于临床中去,随着常规筛查的进行,药物化学家们有时候不得不花费数年时间来调节化合物使其变得特殊且安全地用于临床中。相比之下,大尺寸的DNA编码文库意味着科学家们可以寻找到更加适合临床使用的化合物,尽管有些化合物仍然需要优化,但至少科学家们距离成功已经很近了。

其它生物技术公司也相继表示对DNA编码文库非常感兴趣,这些公司不仅利用DNA标签来鉴别特殊化合物,而且以其作为模板来制造新的DNA标签,David Liu是来自哈佛大学的一位化学家,他的学生开发出了一种“DNA-模板”方法,同时利用该方法构建了特殊环状分子的文库(macrocycle,包含15个原子以上的大环),这些大型稳定的环状分子可以在多个位点同靶点相互作用,从而增强结合反应的特异性。(GSK和X-Chem公司的DNA编码文库中拥有大量的macrocycle分子)。

首先Liu开发了一种单链DNA模板作为向导,随后将DNA标记的结构元件加入到反应器中,依赖于DNA碱基配对,在物理性上将标记的结构元件从一个结合到另一个,最终的反应就会将线性的结构元件转化成为环状的macrocycle分子,而每一个该分子都会被限制成为特殊的DNA条形码。目前Liu的团队构建的包含14000个大分子的文库已经带来了部分成功,2014年,他们就报道发现了一种特殊稳定的小分子可以有效阻断胰岛素降解酶类(IDE),该酶和2型糖尿病直接相关,为此研究者们还准备研究IDF在健康和疾病中所扮演的角色。

甜蜜的筛选(Sweet Screens)

一旦文库建成,下面的乐趣就是鉴别可以吸附靶点的分子了;很多研究依赖于“亲和筛选”来寻找目的化合物,正因为如此他们工程化操作蛋白质使其靶向作用一系列纯化的标签,随后利用纯化标签离开结合对,并且通过包含文库的混合体,最后一步就是利用DNA测序仪来阅读和小分子相关的DNA标识符,这种方法最终就会产生大量的靶向蛋白。但基于亲和的方法往往尤其不足之处,“笨拙”的DNA标记有时候反而会阻碍其同靶点的反应,同时就会使得很多潜在的候选化合物流失,但因为DNA编码文库非常巨大,因此这些损失通常情况下可以被忽略不计;然而有问题的是小分子和其标签通常会结合到纯化柱上,这样就会产生假阳性的结果,纯化的标签也会被靶向蛋白的结构所干扰,从而引入不可靠的数据。

当然很多公司都相继解决了上述问题,Vipergen公司就是其中一个,该公司拥有5000万个分子的DNA模板文库,它们也希望开展这项浓缩的策略;公司的行政总裁Nils Hansen表示,试想一下,我们可以冻结蛋白混合物文库并且将其切割成为非常小的小方冰块,如果这些冰块足够小,每一个都包含有单一的靶向蛋白,那么在这个尺寸下进行靶点结合的小分子就会在包含靶点的小方冰块中进行持续过度反应。

当前利用游离漂浮的可溶性蛋白进行DNA编码文库的筛选非常好,但很多潜在的药物靶点都嵌合到了细胞表面,这就使得利用传统的亲和筛查技术变得不太可能,比如大约有40%的被批准的药物都可以靶向作用膜结合的G蛋白偶联受体,因为这些受体分子通常在细胞外部感知分子的存在,为此筛选膜结合蛋白的技术就必须更新换代。其中一种方法就是将DNA编码的文库同完整的可以过度表达膜结合靶点的细胞混合,随后小型分子就会在细胞表面同靶点进行结合;当研究者冲洗掉未结合的文库后,他们就可以通过加热细胞并且阅读被洗脱的DNA标签来鉴别出结合小型分子;在这一方面GSK公司已经利用该方法鉴别出了一系列潜在的受体抑制剂,这些受体参与到了精神分裂症及中枢神经系统障碍的发病中。

当然X-Chem公司也开始看到了进行膜结合蛋白筛查的商机,Wagner表示,从历史观点上来讲,我们的程序主要还是利用可溶性的蛋白,但考虑到最近数据的转变我们已经开发出了相对困难的膜结合蛋白。

未来DNA编码文库的规模还会扩大,而且新型的筛选方法也会打开未知的生物空间,DNA编码文库也将会成为帮助制药公司探索发现新药的支柱之一。

原始出处:

Asher Mullard.DNA tags help the hunt for drugs.Nature,18 February 2016.

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    期待

    0

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    2016-02-28 chenchuny

    期待

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