Science:“DNA编程语言”定向改造细胞功能成为可能

2016-04-10 MedSci MedSci原创

麻省理工的科学家们使用一种简单的计算机编程语言,成功 “黑进”了活体细胞中,并对细胞的功能做出了轻微的修改。有了这样的基础,任何人都能轻松地为活体细胞写入新的功能,从农业到医药,都有它的用武之地。 人们可以用计算机程序设计出人造DNA,并将其嵌入大肠埃希氏菌中。在特定的条件下,如酸碱度、葡萄糖、光线和温度等条件发生变化时,电路的开关就会被启动,并且该过程能够实现“私人定制”。 合成生物学是一个

麻省理工的科学家们使用一种简单的计算机编程语言,成功 “黑进”了活体细胞中,并对细胞的功能做出了轻微的修改。有了这样的基础,任何人都能轻松地为活体细胞写入新的功能,从农业到医药,都有它的用武之地。麻省理工的科学家们使用一种简单的计算机编程语言,成功 “黑进”了活体细胞中,并对细胞的功能做出了轻微的修改。有了这样的基础,任何人都能轻松地为活体细胞写入新的功能,从农业到医药,都有它的用武之地。
人们可以用计算机程序设计出人造DNA,并将其嵌入大肠埃希氏菌中。在特定的条件下,如酸碱度、葡萄糖、光线和温度等条件发生变化时,电路的开关就会被启动,并且该过程能够实现“私人定制”。人们可以用计算机程序设计出人造DNA,并将其嵌入大肠埃希氏菌中。在特定的条件下,如酸碱度、葡萄糖、光线和温度等条件发生变化时,电路的开关就会被启动,并且该过程能够实现“私人定制”。
合成生物学是一个新的研究领域,即我们可以通过人为的操纵改变微生物的功能,如生产材料、吃掉废弃物、甚至精确地将药物送到人体内特定的地点等。合成生物学是一个新的研究领域,即我们可以通过人为的操纵改变微生物的功能,如生产材料、吃掉废弃物、甚至精确地将药物送到人体内特定的地点等。
该团队设计的电路之一包含7个步骤,据称是目前规模最大的生物电路。改良过的大肠埃希氏菌可以用来治疗一些常见疾病,如乳糖不耐症等。该团队设计的电路之一包含7个步骤,据称是目前规模最大的生物电路。改良过的大肠埃希氏菌可以用来治疗一些常见疾病,如乳糖不耐症等。

科学家发明了一种足以使合成生物学发生革命性变化的新方法,使得我们对活体细胞的控制能力向前跃进了一大步。只需使用一种简单的计算机编程语言,科学家就能“黑进”一个活体细胞中,并对细胞的功能做出轻微的修改。

有了这样的基础,任何人都能轻松地为活体细胞写入新的功能,让它们执行各种各样的任务。通过改变模仿物理电路的“DNA电路”的基因结构,美国的生物工程师们成功地改写了细菌的“编码”,根据环境因素改变了它们的功能。

就像编写计算机软件一样,科学家可以使用一种基于文本、并转移到细胞DNA中的编程语言,为细胞编入新的功能。“这就像是为细菌设计的编程语言,”麻省理工的一名生物工程师克里斯托弗·沃格特教授(Christopher Voigt)说道,“你可以先像用计算机编程一样,使用文本语言,然后对其进行编辑,让文本转化为放入细胞中的DNA序列,电路就可以在细胞内部流通了。”

合成生物学是一个新的研究领域,即我们可以通过人为的操纵改变微生物的功能,如生产材料、吃掉废弃物、甚至精确地将药物送到人体内特定的地点等。通过生成DNA电路,生物工程师们可以让细胞按照特定的环境因素,遵循一系列逻辑步骤。

例如,如果周围的pH值降到了特定水平以下,一个基因开关就会启动,从而加速某种特定蛋白质的分泌,如胰岛素等。运用到实际当中,这意味着只要增加细胞周边环境的酸性,就可以促进胰岛素的分泌。

麻省理工的研究团队使用一种名为Verilog的编程语言,设计了一些逻辑电路,然后使用一种名叫Cello的系统,将其编入合成的DNA环状分子(又名质粒)中。接下来,他们利用目前向微生物中添加新基因的技术,将这些人造质粒嵌入到大肠埃希氏菌中。

这一方法非常简单,即使在基因方面毫无经历的人也可以设计出人造电路,只需使用一个负责将计算机代码转换成基因功能代码的网络程序,就能设计出一个电路,为细胞增添新的功能。

“你可以对它的原理一无所知,但依然能照用不误,这就是这种方法的特别之处。”沃格特说道,“你可能只是一名高中生,只需在网络服务器上写出你想要的程序,它就能自动转化为DNA序列。”

 在实验中,这支麻省理工的研究团队根据一连串实验结果,设计出一系列逻辑门,分别通往不同的路径,并将其成功写入了DNA中,并转移进了大肠埃希氏菌的细胞里。

这些电路能够检测出不同的成分,如氧气、葡萄糖,还有光线、温度、酸碱度及其它环境条件等。此外,这一过程还可以实现“私人订制”,使用者可以向其中加入其它功能。该团队设计的电路之一包含7个步骤,据称是目前规模最大的生物电路。

目前这一编程语言已被用作优化大肠杆菌功能,其应用前景还包括设计在检测出肿瘤时会产生抗癌药物的细菌细胞;或创造出一种酵母细胞,可在有毒副产品过度堆积的情况下自动停止发酵过程等。

细胞会同时接收到多个输入源,因此主要的挑战在于,设计出的电路在细胞内部不能对彼此造成干扰。虽然该系统是专为大肠埃希氏菌设计的,但该研究团队表示,他们正在计划对使用的编程语言稍加改动,好用在其它细菌身上,如在人类内脏中找到的细菌等。

“建造这些电路本来可能要花上很多年工夫。但现在你只需要按下按钮,就能立刻得到一段DNA序列、并用它进行测试了。”沃格特教授说道

目前,研究人员已利用这一编程语言设计了60种功能各异的生物电路,其中有45种都在首次测试时正常运作,大部分生物电路都用于测量一种或多种环境条件,如氧气或葡萄糖浓度,并作出相应反应。

原始出处:

Nielsen AA, Der BS, Shin J, Vaidyanathan P, Paralanov V, Strychalski EA, Ross D, Densmore D, Voigt CA. Genetic circuit design automation. Science. 2016 Apr 1;352(6281):aac7341. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7341.

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    2017-01-08 liao1632
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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    高大上的文章

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    2016-04-14 李继凯

    值得学习

    0

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    2016-04-12 jichang
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    2016-04-12 yangjxjc
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    2016-04-10 小歪~

    好神奇~

    0

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