儿童系统性红斑狼疮诊断进展

2018-07-05 曹兰芳( 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院儿科) 中华医学信息导报

系统性红斑狼疮是一种较为复杂的自身免疫性疾病。虽然该疾病好发于生育期女性,但最新的流行病学资料显示,全球的系统性红斑狼疮发病率为0.4/10万~0.6/10万,其中<16岁的儿童发病率为15%~20%,并多见于12~16岁的儿童,<10岁比较少见,<5岁更为罕见。儿童系统性红斑狼疮发病率也受民族和人种等因素的影响,导致报道数据也有一定差异。

系统性红斑狼疮是一种较为复杂的自身免疫性疾病。虽然该疾病好发于生育期女性,但最新的流行病学资料显示,全球的系统性红斑狼疮发病率为0.4/10万~0.6/10万,其中<16岁的儿童发病率为15%~20%,并多见于12~16岁的儿童,<10岁比较少见,<5岁更为罕见。儿童系统性红斑狼疮发病率也受民族和人种等因素的影响,导致报道数据也有一定差异。

目前儿童系统性红斑狼疮的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确,其病因与成人一样受遗传、环境、内源性雌激素、环境因素等多种因素的影响,发病机制也类同成人,但儿童系统性红斑狼疮可导致多系统、多器官损害,临床表现异质性很强,病情易反复,病程长,预后不良。为提高本病的早期诊断,减少误诊,规范治疗,改善预后,明确诊断和分类显得尤为重要。

起源与ACR标准

系统性红斑狼疮的起源最早可追源到公元855年,法国籍基督教巡回大主教Hebernus首次描述到一种类似被狼咬过的皮肤病变,后经反复多次证实并进一步提出了“LUPUS”的概念,其后又有医师提出了“LUPUS”的皮疹为典型蝶形红斑的特征性表现。随着对“LUPUS”研究的不断深入,人们又逐渐发现除了狼疮样皮疹以外,心、肺、血液、神经、肾脏、消化等多系统和器官均可受累。1872年,Moretz kaposi首先阐述“LUPUS”的全身性特征,经学术界逐步统一认识,正式定义“LUPUS”为一种系统性红斑狼疮。随后,进一步的研究发现了系统性红斑狼疮患者具有狼疮细胞和特征性狼疮抗体,即目前的抗核抗体,继而美国、英国和日本等国家相继提出了20多种系统性红斑狼疮的诊断标准。

1971年,美国风湿病学会(ACR)提出了一个由14项内容组成的系统性红斑狼疮诊断标准,之后于1982年和1997年再次反复修订为由11项标准组成的分类标准,其中1997年的ACR标准去除了“狼疮细胞阳性”,并将“梅毒血清学试验假阳性”改为“抗磷脂抗体阳性”,即增加了抗心磷脂抗体阳性和狼疮抗凝物阳性的标准。符合ACR标准中的4项或4项以上者,在除外感染、肿瘤和其他结缔组织病后,即可诊断为系统性红斑狼疮。ACR标准发布后得到了广泛认可,至今仍被应用于临床

SLICC标准

为满足临床和研究的需要,2009年系统性红斑狼疮国际临床协作组(SLICC)制定了新的系统性红斑狼疮诊断标准,并于2012年正式发表于ACR的官方杂志Arthritis Rheum。该标准对原ACR标准进行了较大幅度的修订,分为11项临床标准和6项免疫学标准2个部分,取消了一些特异性和敏感性不高的指标。SLICC标准确诊系统性红斑狼疮必须满足至少4项诊断标准,但诊断标准可以累积,无需同时符合,其中包括至少1项临床指标和1项免疫学指标,或肾活检证实狼疮性肾炎伴抗核抗体或者抗双链DNA阳性。SLICC标准更强调了与临床实际工作的相关性,特别重视各脏器受累的确切要求,其灵敏度更高,但特异性低于1997年ACR标准。

SLICC标准已经过多项临床中心验证,其中欧洲的3个主要儿童狼疮研究中心把1997年ACR标准和SLICC标准进行了比较,发现1997年ACR标准的敏感性和特异性分别是76.6%和93.4%,而SLICC标准分别为98.7%和85.3%。在另外一个临床验证中也发现了类同的结果:SLICC标准和1997年ACR标准经验证比较发现,SLICC标准较1997年ACR标准产生更少的错误分类(62比74),且具有更高的灵敏度(97%比83%),但特异性仍较低(84%比96%)。

EULAR/ACR标准

近10多年来,系统性红斑狼疮的诊断标准一直在不断完善。为了更早诊断,更好地改善患者长期预后,2017年6月在西班牙马德里举行的欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)年会上,Martin Aringer教授报道了系统性红斑狼疮诊断的新分类标准,该分类标准由EULAR和ACR共同推出,即2017 EULAR/ACR系统性红斑狼疮分类标准,该标准提出了抗核抗体阳性(Hep2免疫荧光法≥1∶80)作为入围标准。2017 EULAR/ACR系统性红斑狼疮分类标准分为7个临床领域和3个免疫学领域,在每个邻域都设置不同诊断标准,并针对每个标准进行权重评分。2017 EULAR/ACR标准中的每一条均需要排除感染、恶性肿瘤、药物等原因,并且强调既往符合某标准也可以计分;各项标准不必同时发生,但至少符合一条临床标准;在每个领域,只取最高权重标准得分计入总分,总分≥10分就可以诊断系统性红斑狼疮。 2017 EULAR/ACR标准经临床应用后可能会进一步提高系统性红斑狼疮诊断敏感性,特异性如何还需进一步临床验证。

儿童系统性红斑狼疮的诊断特点

以往的临床研究资料与分析结果显示:儿童系统性红斑狼疮诊断基本参照ACR的分类标准,至今尚无一个专门针对该病的诊断标准,但儿童系统性红斑狼疮和成人系统性红斑狼疮在临床表现、免疫学指标和脏器损害方面均存在显著差异。国内外临床研究均发现:儿童系统性红斑狼疮起病初即可出现多系统、多器官受累、血液系统受累、神经精神异常等,狼疮性肾炎也更为常见,肾活检病理异常以Ⅳ型最多见。发热、颜面皮疹、黏膜溃疡、癫痫、血小板减少症、溶血性贫血、淋巴结病在儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿中更常见且病情进展快,相对成人也更为严重。相关研究的远期随访结果提示,儿童系统性红斑狼疮预后较成人系统性红斑狼疮更差;患儿发生肺出血的概率接近成人,但症状出现较早,多在确诊后的3个月内发生;患儿肾损害的发生率同样高于成人,且因肾功能损害而发生的病死率也高于成人系统性红斑狼疮。

Chiewchengchol等对英国15个医疗中心的241例儿童系统性红斑狼疮的研究发现,74%的患儿符合ACR标准的皮肤损害,较无皮损表现的患儿发生血液系统、肾脏和神经系统损害的概率更高,需要给予较高剂量的免疫抑制剂治疗。国内资料也显示:儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿发热、肝脾淋巴结大、贫血、肾脏损害、消化系统损害和神经系统损害的发生率均高于成人系统性红斑狼疮患者,且免疫学指标中儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿血清抗双链DNA抗体阳性率也高于成人系统性红斑狼疮患者,差异均有统计学意义。

综上所述,儿童系统性红斑狼疮和成人系统性红斑狼疮尽管使用同一ACR诊断标准,但在初始治疗时临床表现上就存在明显差异。因为儿童系统性红斑狼疮具有累及系统多、病情进展快、活动性更强、预后差的临床特点,再加上该病患儿处于儿童生长和心理发育的特殊阶段,所以该病需要更早期的诊断,以及更及时、更优化的个体化治疗方案,用以更好地改善患儿的预后。

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    2018-07-07 zhouqu_8
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    2018-07-06 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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    2018-07-06 phoebeyan520

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-07-06 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-07-05 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐一下

    0

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    2018-07-05 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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