Nat Commun:近十年来,猩红热在中国死灰复燃,空气污染竟是罪魁祸首?

2020-08-31 生物世界 Bio生物世界

这项长达6年的研究表明,空气污染可能是使得中国的猩红热死灰复燃的重要原因!

8月25日,最新的一期 Nature Communications 刊发了由中山大学智能工程学院、浙江省疾控中心、中国疾控中心,以及台湾中央研究院等研究机构联合完成的题为:Exposure to air pollution and scarlet fever resurgence in China: a six-year surveillance study 的研究论文。

这项长达6年的研究表明,空气污染可能是使得中国的猩红热死灰复燃的重要原因!研究人员检索了全国655039例猩红热病例和6种空气污染物的数据,发现环境污染物NO2和O3的增加与猩红热发病率增加有关。

 

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17987-8

浙江省疾控中心刘社兰、陈恩富,中山大学余志,以及台湾中央研究院詹大千为本论文的通讯作者。

猩红热简介

猩红热(scarlet fever),是一种由化脓性(α组)链球菌引起的疾病,症状和体征包括喉咙痛、发热、头痛、淋巴结肿大和特征性皮疹等。该疾病最常发生于5至15岁的儿童,但成年人也可以被感染,其中,幼儿园、学校、工厂等是猩红热高发的场所。

猩红热症状

大多数猩红热病例是轻微感染,很少有致命性感染。然而,这一疾病的可怕之处在于可能发展的严重后遗症,包括肾病、风湿性心脏病和关节炎等。此外,猩红热传播途径多样,可以通过密切接触、呼吸道飞沫(如唾液或鼻涕)或污染物传播。

在18-19世纪,猩红热是欧洲最可怕的杀手。但从上个世纪开始,随着有效治愈方法的发展、生活水平的提高、卫生条件的改善以及营养状况的改善,使得猩红热的发病率显著下降。

不幸的是,近年来,猩红热却有卷土重来的趋势。在亚洲——特别是韩国、中国大陆和香港地区,在欧洲——特别是英国,猩红热的发病率都有所上升。然而,由于目前还没有预防化脓性链球菌感染的疫苗,猩红热的死灰复燃已经成为一个全球性的公共卫生问题。

2004-2018年中国猩红热发病率变化

2019年,世界卫生组织(WHO)列出了对全球健康的十大威胁,其中空气污染被WHO认为是对健康的最大环境风险。空气污染以不同的方式影响人们的健康,而一系列证据显示暴露在空气污染和呼吸道疾病之间存在正相关关系。

此前,有一小部分研究预测,猩红热的少数病例可能与与空气污染有关,但这些研究只关注中国特定的地区或城市,或者基于单一的场景,因此,这些研究结果是多样的、零散的和不确定的。

在此项研究中,研究人员统计了中国2004-2018年期间655039例猩红热病,年平均发病率为3.26/10万人。值得注意的是,从2011年开始,中国猩红热的发病率开始激增,而在2017年进一步增加(5.37/100000),并在2018年达到顶峰(5.67/100000)。

2004-2018年全国猩红热的年发病率

研究团队还调查了中国猩红热发病的季节模式,在全国范围内,猩红热每半年有一个高峰,包括5-6月的主要峰和11-12月的次要峰。此外,在中国,猩红热主要在北方、东北和西北盛行。

2013-2018年中国空气污染特征

2013年至2018年,全国PM2.5月平均浓度为51.28 μg/m3,PM10月平均浓度为90.75 μg/m3,SO2(二氧化硫)月平均浓度为24.35μg/m3,NO2(二氧化氮)月平均浓度为33.63μg/m3,CO(一氧化碳)月平均浓度为1.08μg/m3以及白天8小时O3(臭氧)的平均浓度为86mg/m3。

其中,PM2.5和PM10的月平均浓度远远高于2018年发布的《中国指南》Ⅱ级水平,而大气污染浓度的月变化箱线图具有明显的季节性特征。PM2.5、PM10、NO2浓度峰值多出现在12月和1月,O3峰值则出现在5-8月。

2013-2018年中国每月猩红热病例和空气污染浓度及天气状况的描述性统计

在2013 - 2018年期间,6种空气污染物在高纬度地区的月平均浓度要明显高于低纬度地区。6种空气污染物的年平均浓度变化很大,但在北部和西部增加更为明显。其中,PM2.5、PM10、CO月平均浓度逐年明显下降,而O3值则是大幅上升,NO2在2013-2016年出现下降趋势后,从2016年开始出现波动性上升趋势。

空气污染物与猩红热的关系

研究团队通过多元分布滞后非线性模型和元回归模型对猩红热发病率数据和空气污染数据进行了关联分析,他们发现6种空气污染物中的4种与猩红热发病率之间的显著关联,其中,NO2的关联性最强。

2011-2018年的猩红热平均发病率是2004-2010年的两倍(4.40 vs. 1.91),猩红热与NO2 (r = 0.21)和O3 (r = 0.11)呈低至中度相关。空气中的NO2和O3每增加10μg/m3,则滞后0 - 15个月的累积风险分别为1.06 (95% CI: 1.02-1.10)和1.04 (95% CI: 1.01-1.07)。

这些研究结果均表明,长期暴露于含NO2和O3的空气污染中可能与近年来中国猩红热发病率的增加有关。

2013-2018年中国空气污染浓度/天气条件与猩红热发病率的Pearson相关系数(n=2232)

值得注意的是,空气中的NO2主要来自燃烧化石燃料,特别是汽车、卡车、公共汽车等车辆燃料。而臭氧主要是由氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)与阳光相互作用而生成的,当然,它也与交通相关的尾气排放相关。

进入21世纪,中国经济迅速腾飞,人们生活质量越来越好,人均汽车拥有率也越来越高,这也导致NO2和O3等空气污染物的激增。有研究表明,短期或长期暴露于高浓度的NO2会刺激人体呼吸系统的气道,并可能增加呼吸道感染的易感性。

这意味着,车辆造成的污染排放才可能是造成近年来中国猩红热发病率的增加的罪魁祸首!

结语

总而言之,在这项研究中,研究团队应用了一项生态学研究设计来研究长期空气污染暴露、气象条件和中国各地猩红热发病率之间的关系。研究人员通过分布滞后非线性模型(DLNM)评估相对风险,根据不同的空气污染物、气象因素和高发和低发地区进行分层。

除此之外,研究人员还评估了人口密度和学校假期等人口和行为对猩红热发病率的影响。这也是第一项在全国范围内对空气污染与中国猩红热发病率突然上升之间的关系的研究,并且所依据的数据来自全国各地、覆盖人口众多且时间跨度最长。

这些发现表明,猩红热病例从2011年开始突然增加,并且,长期暴露于含NO2和O3的空气环境中与猩红热的激增有关。此外,猩红热的发病率似乎也与学校放假有关——在暑假和寒假时,猩红热发病率要更低。

在论文中,研究人员也呼吁道:“我们的研究鼓励公共卫生当局在防治猩红热死灰复燃时,要积极考虑NO2和O3的风险。此外,以学校为基础的控制措施在控制猩红热方面可能特别重要。”

原始出处:Yonghong Liu,  Hui DingShu-ting Chang, et al. et al. Exposure to air pollution and scarlet fever resurgence in China: a six-year surveillance study.  Nat Commun, 25 August 2020

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    2021-03-01 liye789132251
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    2020-12-14 ying_wu
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    2020-09-15 14665664m21暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884614, encodeId=ecdb1884614e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Mar 01 21:55:34 CST 2021, time=2021-03-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2087753, encodeId=dd77208e753ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=490750196b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#COMMUN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5019, encryptionId=490750196b, topicName=COMMUN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7931272, createdName=liuli5079, createdTime=Thu Jun 03 03:55:34 CST 2021, time=2021-06-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683868, encodeId=99bb16838686a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=37cd681e3fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#猩红热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68173, encryptionId=37cd681e3fb, topicName=猩红热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0a8a28003841, createdName=ying_wu, createdTime=Mon Dec 14 14:55:34 CST 2020, time=2020-12-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=885359, encodeId=36c28853593c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=caa55135459, createdName=14665664m21暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Sep 15 07:24:54 CST 2020, time=2020-09-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472698, encodeId=b1be14e269807, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba4a6436107' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#污染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64361, encryptionId=ba4a6436107, topicName=污染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dfe67217539, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Wed Sep 02 07:55:34 CST 2020, time=2020-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=881636, encodeId=928288163613, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200729/2ee0ca079ce64987b1195eb6aa20a1f4/ae923a98c9704879bacdc81d9fa7479a.jpg, createdBy=a3ab5398909, createdName=ms6000001113694287, createdTime=Tue Sep 01 08:06:11 CST 2020, time=2020-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=881611, encodeId=4cf3881611d1, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64245268311, createdName=14818eb4m67暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Sep 01 08:02:31 CST 2020, time=2020-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2020-09-01 ms6000001113694287

    学习了

    0

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    2020-09-01 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习

    0

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