自体脂肪移植隆乳致双侧腋下及乳房多发结节伴油脂囊肿一例

2020-04-06 卢俊旭,薄其涛,王元博,胡亚暖 中国美容整形外科

作者:卢俊旭,薄其涛,王元博,胡亚暖等,杨彪炳潍坊医学院 整形外科研究所

作者:卢俊旭,薄其涛,王元博,胡亚暖等,杨彪炳潍坊医学院 整形外科研究所

自体脂肪是良好的组织填充材料,将自体脂肪移植应 用于隆乳,可以获得“隆乳” 与 “瘦身”一举两得的效果[1]。但其 术后可能出现的并发症成为困扰整形外科医师的棘手问题, 如感染、气胸、脂肪栓塞等。目前,国内关于自体脂肪移植术 后出现双侧腋下及乳房多发结节,同时伴较大体积油脂囊肿 的病例报道较少。现报道如下。

1 临床资料

患者女性,20 岁。于 2017 年 11 月在外院行“自体脂肪移植隆乳术”。术后 3 d 发现双侧腋下有硬币样大小的肿物; 术后 6 个月余发现左侧乳房外上象限有约 5.0 cm×5.0 cm 的包块;手术医师嘱患者按摩包块及肿物,但无任何效果。于 2019 年 9 月,在潍坊市第二医院行乳腺超声检查显示:右侧 乳腺 6 点距乳头约 1.5 cm处,可见一囊性结节约 0.5 cm× 0.6 cm,形态规则;左侧乳腺腺体后方探及多个无回声区,大 结节约 2.8 cm×5.6 cm,透声差;双侧腋窝见多处低回声,左 侧大结节约 2.1 cm×2.2 cm,右侧大结节约 2.3 cm×2.4 cm。 患者为进一步治疗来我院就诊。查体示:左侧腋下可见一硬 币大小色素沉着,其下可触及约 2.0 cm×3.0 cm的肿物,边 界较清,质韧;左侧乳房外上象限可扪及约 4.0 cm×5.0 cm 的囊性包块,边界清楚,活动度好。右侧腋下可见一硬币大小 色素沉着,其下可触及约 2.0 cm×2.0 cm的肿物,边界较清, 质韧。临床诊断为:自体脂肪移植隆乳术后多发肿物。

2 治疗过程

患者入院并完善术前常规检查后,于全身麻醉下行左侧 乳房囊肿切除术 +左侧腋下肿物切除术。在分离左侧乳房囊 肿时,可见囊壁边界清楚,与周围腺体组织轻微粘连;术中引 出约 50 ml 油脂(图 1),伴有异味;囊性肿物分离后,用庆大 霉素 16 万 U+ 生理盐水 20 ml 冲洗术野,并留置负压引流 管 1 枚。切除左侧腋下肿物时,在皮下脂肪层见结节与周围 组织粘连紧密,边界不清,质韧;肿物切除后行皮肤缝合。术 后左侧囊肿包膜(图 2)及腋下结节(图 3)常规送病理检查。 术后给予头孢曲松钠 3 g+100 ml生理盐水静脉输注, 1 次 /d,共 3 d。术后第 1 天因引流管引流量约 2 ml,遂拔管;每 2 d 换 药 1 次,7 d 拆线。

3 结果

患者手术切口均一期愈合,无并发症发生,术后第 4 天 出院。病理显示:油脂囊肿 包膜由纤维结缔组织构 成,其内见钙盐沉积和退 变的上皮样细胞(图 4a)。 镜下可见腋下结节吞噬坏 死脂肪组织的泡沫细胞和 退变的上皮样细胞,伴有 大量中性粒细胞和淋巴细 胞浸润,符合脂肪组织坏死 性结节(图4b)。

1586061894503833.png

图 1 术中见乳房囊肿渗出大量油脂 图 2 切除的油脂囊肿 包膜 图 3 切除的腋下结节 图 4 病理结果(HE ×200) a. 油脂囊肿包膜,内见钙盐沉积及上皮样细胞改变 b.腋下结 节,内见上皮样细胞改变伴有大量中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞浸润

4 讨论

本例患者在形成双侧腋下结节的同时伴有较大的油脂 囊肿,这在临床中较为少见。我们认为,患者腋下的肿物形成 是由于移植的脂肪颗粒过大或术中团块状注射,使细小脂肪 颗粒融合而形成较大的脂肪团块;腋下触诊表现为质硬、界 清的小结节。而乳腺下方的油脂囊肿则是中央区域脂肪得不 到血供导致的脂肪坏死,并发生液化,外围纤维结缔组织包 绕形成油脂囊肿。因移植脂肪坏死而导致瘢痕形成及钙化的 发生,其坏死体积较大时即导致油性囊肿。相关文献显示[2-3], 单个坏死的脂肪细胞(直径 50~150 μm)的坏死灶可被机体 吸收,而数量巨大的油滴坏死则会取代胶原基质而形成瘢 痕。若瘢痕内部残留脂滴(直径<1.0 mm),可导致慢性炎症, 并在术后5年内逐渐发展为泥沙样钙化灶 (直径0.3~2.0mm)。 当脂肪坏死灶>10.0 mm,坏死组织将在 6~12 个月发展成 油性囊肿,并伴随迁延不愈的局部炎症。出现该并发症后,手 术切除肿物为主要的治疗手段,也可应用 14~18 G针头划 开囊壁,若囊肿较小时,油脂可由机体自行吸收,若囊肿较大 时,应将坏死组织引流出体外。 为减少术后乳房中结节、囊肿、钙化等并发症的发生,应 遵循以下原则:⑴抽吸过程中要尽量减轻对脂肪的损伤,提 高移植脂肪的活性和纯度。使用负压抽吸时,负压不可过大, 建议负压为 200~500 mmHg时抽吸脂肪。⑵注射脂肪时,每次推注的脂肪量要少(5~10 ml),必须行多点、多层次注射, 确保脂肪能够呈现为“点”或“线”状的合理排列。将移植的脂 肪颗粒均匀接触受区,利于移植脂肪的成活[4-5]。⑶此外,受区 感染或出血也会影响脂肪细胞的成活,因此,手术全程坚持 无菌操作原则和微创理念尤为重要。自体脂肪是一种良好的 软组织填充剂,临床中做好对严重并发症的密切观察和术后 的定期随访,以利于广大整形外科医师更好地利用自体脂肪 这个 “软黄金”为广大患者服务。

参考文献(略)。

来源:卢俊旭,薄其涛,王元博,胡亚暖等,自体脂肪移植隆乳致双侧腋下及乳房多发结节伴油脂囊肿一例[J],中国美容整形外科杂志,2020,31(2)。

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