一文读懂急性化脓性腹膜炎的诊断与治疗

2021-04-03 网络 网络

男性患者,38岁,江西九江人,因突发性腹痛12h,伴呕吐,发热4h,于11月13日8时急诊入院。

男性患者,38岁,江西九江人,因突发性腹痛12h,伴呕吐,发热4h,于11月13日8时急诊入院。

患者于11月12日晚上8时许进食晚餐后突然出现上腹部剧烈疼痛,呈持续性,无放射他处,尚可忍受,疑“胃痛”发作,自服胃药(具体不详),腹痛无缓解井出现全腹疼痛,伴恶心、畏寒。4h前患者出现呕吐,为胃内容物(量约100ml),无咖啡样物,伴发热,体温达39℃,到本院急诊,拟诊“急性腹膜炎”收入住院进一步诊治。起病以来,精神紧张,睡眠差,未排大便,有肛门排气,小便呈浅黄色,量不多,无尿频、尿急、尿痛,体重无明显减轻。

既往有“胃痛”史3年,未予检查,自服“胃药”后好转,无肝炎、肺结核、肾输尿管结石。糖尿病、心脏病病史,无外伤、手术史。

体检: T39.1℃,P 100次/分,R28次/分,BRP 15/8kPa。患者神清,痛苦面容,发育正常,营养一般,被动前屈位,面色苍白,全身皮肤干燥,弹性差,巩膜无黄染,皮下无出血点及淤斑,浅表淋巴结未扪及肿大,头颅五官无畸形,双眼窝凹陷。颈软,气管居中,甲状腺不大。胸廓两侧对称,呼吸促,起伏明显,双肺哪诊清音,听诊呼吸音请。两侧对称,未闻干湿啰音,心界正常,心率100次/分,心律整齐,各瓣膜区未闻及病理性杂音,腹部见外科情况。脊柱四肢无畸形,四肢肢端冷,无水肿,肛门外生殖器未见异常,生理反射存在,未引出病理神经反射。

外科情况:腹稍胀,未见肠形、蠕动波,腹式呼吸明显减弱,全腹腹肌紧张,呈“板状腹”。压痛、反跳痛明显,肝脾触诊不满意,腹部叩诊呈嘭音,肝浊音界消失,移动性浊音阳性,肝区叩痛阳性,双肾区叩痛阴性,肠鸣音较弱。直肠指检:直肠空虚,直肠前窝有触痛,未扪及肿物,指套无血迹。

实验室检查:

血常规:血白细胞18.9x109/L,分类:中性0.90,淋巴0.10。血红蛋白16g/L,血小板251x109/L。血型:“A”型。

尿常规:尿糖(-),尿酮体(+),尿蛋白(-),尿红细胞(-)。

生化检查:血钠145mmol/L,血钾4.0mmol/L,血糖5.9mmol/L,血BUN 4.5mol/L,血Cr 101μmol/L,,CO2CP 27mmol/L。

胸腹透视:心肺正常,右膈下可见游离气体,结肠稍胀气,请结合临床考虑。

讨论

实习医生A:本病例病情特点:①男性, 38岁,既往有“胃病”史;②突然出现上腹疼痛,继而扩散至全腹,伴发热、呕吐;③体检示全腹腹膜炎体征,有脱水表现,肝浊音界消失;④实验室检查血白细胞数及中性分类明显升高,血生化基本正常,腹部透视右膈下有游离气体。

实习医生B:根据患者的病史,起病急,呈板状腹改变,血白组胞数升高,腹透见隔下游离气体等特点,考虑是急性弥漫性化脓性腹膜炎,消化道穿孔,中度等渗性脱水。

教师:分析得好。那么,本病例病因考虑是什么?

实习医生C:患者既往有“胃痛”史3年,治疗不规则,上腹痛反复发作,本次起病较为突然,故本病例极可能是胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔所致。

教师:我同意大家诊断。患者腹部透视提示有膈下游离气体,结合病史,消化道穿孔诊断应该不成问题,但至于在消化道那一个部位穿孔,仍未明确,因此,本病例需要做那些检查可以进一步明确诊断?

实习医生D:本病例可行诊断性腹腔穿刺抽液或剖腹探查。

教师:诊断性腹腔穿刺是本病例进一步明确诊断的简便、易行的好方法,根据穿刺抽液得的液体颜色、浑浊度、气味。涂片检查及淀粉酚值测定等来判断病因,并可做细菌(需氧菌、厌氧菌)培养和药敏检查。因此,诊断性腹腔穿刺对本病的诊断、鉴别诊断及指导抗菌治疗均有较大价值。但操作时要注意以下几点:

①穿刺点要选择在下腹部两侧,腹部叩诊呈浊音处(一般在麦氏点处);

②起病后出现有高度腹胀(肠胀气)的患者要禁止做腹部穿刺,以免穿破肠管;

③腹穿一般在行腹部透视之后进行,以免影响腹透结果。

实习医生E:老师,若患者腹部透视躺下未见游离气体或腹腔穿刺未能抽出液体。那应该怎么办?

教师:问得好!患者若腹部透视及腹腔穿刺均为阴性,而临床上有弥漫性腹膜炎表现且高度怀疑是胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔,则可以给患者留查胃管。抽干净胃内容物后,于胃管内注入20ml空气。夹闭胃管,再行一次腹部立位透视,临床上有一部分病例因穿孔较小(针眼样),或因穿孔被堵塞而较难诊断;当在胃内注入空气后。堵塞的胃十二指肠穿孔,可因胃十二指肠扩张成压力升高而重新开放。气体进入腹腔,此时,立位腹部透视则可出现阳性表现,有助于穿孔诊断。

当腹腔内液体< 100ml时,腹腔穿刺抽被不易成功,故可行腹腔灌洗术,但临床上较为少用,除了该操作不简便外,其主要原因是一旦继发性放膜炎诊断明确,就可以进行剖腹探查,以便及早处理腹腔内原发灶,不应为了等待确定病因而延误手术时机。

腹膜炎可分为原发性腹膜炎和继发性腹膜炎,对于本病例,应该注意与哪些疾病相鉴别?

实习医生F:本病例属继发性腹膜炎,主要表现为突发性腹痛、胃肠道症状及发热,应注意与冠心病、肺部炎症、急性胃肠炎、尿毒症、糖尿病酮症酸中毒等内科疾病以及急性肠梗阻、急性胰腺炎、急性胆囊炎、肾输尿管结石等外科疾病相签别。

教师:对,通过详细询问病史、仔细体格检查、必要的实验室检查、腹部立卧透视及腹部穿刺,本病例的诊断和鉴别诊断是不难作出的,但急性化脓性腹膜炎最重要的是病因诊断前面已提到,对于外科急腹症,我们不能因为病因诊断未明而延误手术时机,那么,急性化脓性腹膜炎的治疗原则是什么?本病例应采用什么治疗方法?

实习医生G:急性化脓性腹膜炎的治疗原则是:采用积极的治疗措施,消除引起腹膜炎的病因,使腹腔内存在的脓性渗出液尽快吸收,局限化或通过引流而消失。本病例是继发于消化道穿孔,腹膜炎明显,病情重,应采用手术治疗而不应保守治疗。

教师:对!本病例应行紧急的手术剖腹探查。但对于一般病例,在什么情况行手术治疗(手术指征)?

实习医生H:急性化脓性腹膜炎的手术指征主要为:①出现严重腹膜炎,腹腔内有明显积液,积脓;②腹膜炎病因未明,但病情重,无局限性趋势;③经观察一段时间(< 12h),腹膜炎无好转或反而加重者。

教师:外科医生最关键的是掌握好每一个外科疾病的手术指征,也就是说病人该不该手术。对于本病例,术前应如何处理?

实习医生I:病人入院后,应积极行手术前准备。给予禁食,胃肠减压,建立静脉通道,补充晶体及胶体液,直用经验性抗生素,井给予适当镇静、止痛等对症措施,监测生命体征变化,观察病情进展,若术前准备一旦就绪,即行腹腔探查术。

教师:根据本病的治疗原则,手术治疗可以概括为3句话:处理病灶,清理腹腔,有效引流。若我们在本病例腹腔探查中发现其病因为十二指肠球部前壁消化性溃疡0.3cmx0.3cm穿孔,应如何处理?

实习医生K:因为患者起病至手术已超过12小时,腹膜炎体征明显,有全身中毒表现,病情重,且患者为饱餐后穿孔,腹腔污染重,既往又无出血、幽门梗阻史,应行单纯穿孔缝合术。

教师:我同意医生K的意见。近年来,由于新的抗溃疡药物不断开发应用。胃十二指肠溃疡的内科治愈率有明显提高。因为胃十二指肠溃疡面行胃大部分切除术的病例已经逐渐减少,目前除非有很明显的胃大部分切除术手术指征,均倾向于行胃疡穿孔修补术,术后行规则的内科抗溃疡治疗。

通过对本病例讨论,同学们应对外科急腹症的诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗有进一步认识, 重点在于怎么进行临床分析、掌握手术指征。培养外科临床思维。

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    学习

    0

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    2021-04-05 148bedacm12暂无昵称

    学习

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    2021-04-05 xuyong530
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    2021-04-04 张文简

    我们消化内科目前碰到一例腹膜炎,最后转外科手术明确为阑尾炎穿孔

    0

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