食管癌的三个好发部位及四种治疗方法

2018-06-14 佚名 “新疆阿克苏地区第一人民医院”公众号

食管癌也称食道癌,50%左右食管癌发生在食管中段,30%在下段,20%在上段,很少发生于颈段。上段食管癌术中易损伤喉返神经及气道;中段食管癌术中易损伤气道隆突、肺门、心包、主动脉弓、降主动脉、奇静脉及胸导道而发生各种不同并发症。

食管癌也称食道癌,50%左右食管癌发生在食管中段,30%在下段,20%在上段,很少发生于颈段。上段食管癌术中易损伤喉返神经及气道;中段食管癌术中易损伤气道隆突、肺门、心包、主动脉弓、降主动脉、奇静脉及胸导道而发生各种不同并发症。

食管的三个生理狭窄是食管癌的易发部位

食管是消化器官最狭窄的一根道腔,而且它还有三个狭窄处。这三处狭窄是属于正常情况,与肿瘤引起的狭窄完全不同,并不影响进食,称为生理缩窄部。这三处生理狭窄尤其是第二、第三处狭窄为食管疾病的多发部位,如瘢痕、挛缩和憩室等,也常常是食管癌的好发部位。

食管的三个生理狭窄:

第一个狭窄位于食管的起端,即咽与食管的交接处,相当于环状软骨和第6颈椎体下缘,由环咽肌和环状软骨所围成。

第二个狭窄在食管入口以下7cm处,位于左支气道跨越食管的部位,相当于胸骨角或第4、5胸椎之间的水平,由主动脉弓从其左侧穿过和左支气道从食管前方越过而形成,该部位是食管内异物易存留处。

第三个狭窄是食管通过膈肌的裂孔处。该裂孔由右向左呈向上斜位。在行食管钡餐造影时,可见到食管的这三个压迹。当左心房出现病理性扩大时,第三个压迹更为显着。

常见的治疗食管癌的方法

1. 手术

手术切除是治疗食管癌的主要方法,早期切除常可达到根治效果。近20年来,手术治疗食管癌的方法取得了很大的进展,但常常也伴有术后各种并发症,食管替代术会大大降低患者的生存质量,而让患者生畏止步。

2. 放射治疗

照射治疗食管癌的方法包括外放射和腔内放射、术前放射和术后放射。颈段和上胸段食管癌手术的创伤大,并发症发生率高,而放射损伤小,疗效优于手术,应以放疗为首选。以往的放疗由于精确度不高导致患者诸多后遗症的并发,但进入新世纪以来随着科学技术的发展,放疗的水平也得到了极大提升,如今的TOMO放疗精度甚至可以控制在0.5毫米以下,对患者正常组织的伤害已经降到了最低的极限,大大保障患者治疗过程的安全。

3. 药物

包括化疗药物和中药,这也是常见的治疗食管癌的方法。但目前多数用于辅助治疗。

4. 介入

这种治疗食管癌的方法是不开刀不放化疗绿色疗法的代表。电化学介入是通过一根很柔软的电极导入肿瘤组织,直接杀灭肿瘤细胞,使肿瘤迅速缩小、食管迅速通畅,治疗后即可顺利吃饭。放置粒子支架可使肿瘤细胞完全失去繁殖能力,对正常组织没有伤害,同时撑开食管腔,使食物顺利通过,大大延长存活时间,减少痛苦,提高食管癌患者生活质量。

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    2018-06-16 zhouqu_8
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    2018-06-15 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-14 易水河

    学习学习.很好

    0

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    2018-06-14 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2018-06-14 12225669m29暂无昵称

    学习

    0

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    2018-06-14 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

    0

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