Cancers of the Head&Neck:是真的么?常搭飞机癌症风险会增高

2018-09-22 BMC中国 BMC期刊

从某种程度上说,如何鉴别由飞行引起的癌症风险仍是一个模糊的研究领域。以甲状腺癌为例,航空公司的机组人员是否较普通人群相比具有更高的患病风险?最新发表在Cancers of the Head& Neck 期刊上的一篇综述文章将为我们解释这一问题。

从某种程度上说,如何鉴别由飞行引起的癌症风险仍是一个模糊的研究领域。以甲状腺癌为例,航空公司的机组人员是否较普通人群相比具有更高的患病风险?最新发表在Cancers of the Head& Neck 期刊上的一篇综述文章将为我们解释这一问题。

在经济全球化的今天,飞机已经成为常用的交通工具,每天有超过100,000班航班连接着全球每一个角落。尽管人们已经知道在飞行过程中接触到的电离辐射会增加致癌风险,但定期飞行究竟会对健康产生怎样的影响仍然尚无定论。

大多数航班的巡航高度在距地面9-12公里的平流层,这已经超出了保护地表免受电离辐射的最低大气层高度。单次洲际飞行的辐射照射程度很低,大约与一次胸部X射线检查受到的辐射相当。但那些经常乘坐飞机的人,例如航空公司的机组人员,他们的年辐射照射量会增加2到5倍——相当于每两年接受一次CT(计算机断层)扫描。

甲状腺癌与飞行

在医学院期间,我(George S.Liu)了解到辐射会增加患甲状腺癌的风险,此后便对飞行辐射对人体健康的长期影响产生了浓厚的兴趣。而这一问题也与我切身相关,每逢学校放假我总要乘坐洲际航班回家。在某次飞行中,我想起了由前运输安全管理局举办的一场精彩绝伦的物理讲座,讲座中提到使用盖革计数器来测量飞行中的电离辐射。

紧接着另一个想法映入我的脑海,“航空公司的工作人员因为工作原因长期暴露在电离辐射中,与普通人群相比,他们患甲状腺癌的风险会增加吗?”

为了解答这个问题,我和我的同事找出了已发表的关于航空公司机组人员患甲状腺癌的研究数据,并对其进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析。通过文献检索,我们共纳入了8项研究,研究包括243,088名航空公司机组成员,涉及11个国家,时间跨度从1943年到2008年。

我们发现,并没有证据表明航空公司机组人员患甲状腺癌风险会增加。8项研究均未发现机组人员患甲状腺癌的风险显著增加。将这些研究加以整合,使用一种名为随机效应模型的统计方法进行统计,研究结论也依然如此。

但荟萃分析自身的局限性以及隐藏数据的缺乏可能会影响研究结果,例如,我们纳入的研究时间跨度较大。自1943年以来,航空业发生了很多变化。比如,80年代末开始禁止在飞机上吸烟,因此我们无法解释1988年以前报道的患甲状腺癌风险的增加是否与二手烟有关,我们也无法全面考虑到其他环境暴露和危险因素,如年龄增加、化学暴露、一生总辐射照射量等。

文献结果相互矛盾

就在我们的研究被接收的几天后,美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)和纽约时报(New York Times)报道了相反的研究结果:“空乘人员患子宫相关肿瘤、甲状腺肿瘤和其他肿瘤的风险明显增加”。

这些头条新闻是基于最近发表在Environmental Health期刊上的一篇论文,该论文特别提到“我们研究的每一种肿瘤,空乘人员的发病率都高于普通人群”。

但发病率真正具有统计学差异的只有三种肿瘤:乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤和非黑色素瘤皮肤癌。机组人员患子宫相关肿瘤、甲状腺癌和其他部位的肿瘤的风险与普通人群相比并没有显著差异。

阴性结果并非毫无意义

尽管我们非常支持关注肿瘤危险因素,但是科学家和媒体必须尊重客观事实,避免引起不必要的恐慌。事实上,我们此前的工作和这项发表在Cancers of the Head&Neck的研究均表明,没有任何证据证明机组成员患甲状腺癌的风险高于普通人群。

我们呼吁另一篇论文的作者和媒体纠正他们的不当表述,否则公众很可能对研究结果产生误解。基于该论文的真实结果为大众提供建议是大有裨益的。研究中观察到乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤和非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的患病率增加,为今后进一步研究提供了线索,与此同时研究结果也强调了加强空乘人员健康体检工作的必要性。

当今社会,通过媒体准确地发布信息是一项重要责任。尽管阴性结果的研究常常因被认为缺少“影响力”和“新闻价值”而难以被报道,但实际上阴性结果对公众来说却是非常有用的。当广大机组人员得知他们患子宫相关肿瘤和甲状腺肿瘤的风险与一般人无异的时候,他们是否能更安心的工作?让我们借助媒体的力量来发布准确而有用的信息吧。

原始出处:
George S. Liu, Austin Cook, et al. Thyroid cancer risk in airline cockpit and cabin crew: a meta-analysis. Cancers of the Head & Neck. 17 August 2018

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    2019-08-07 anminleiryan
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    2018-09-24 liuxiaona
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    2018-09-24 liuxiaona
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    2018-09-22 王秀

    学习的,涨知识了!

    0

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