医学中的两性研究:性别不同 痛觉不同

2015-07-13 佚名 环球科学

过去15年里,神经科学家构建起了与慢性疼痛症状有关的详细生物回路。但对于该机理的研究却忽略了某些重要的实验对象:雌性。 最近的一个研究强调了在生物医学研究中忽略性别差异的风险。研究者称,雌性小鼠没有像雄性同类一样建立某种疼痛类型。作者称这一显著的性别差异说明,仅用雄性动物做实验的话,可能无法获得完整的生物学信息。如果人类两性间也存在相似的差异,这将对疼痛治疗的发展产生巨大影响。 美国国立卫

过去15年里,神经科学家构建起了与慢性疼痛症状有关的详细生物回路。但对于该机理的研究却忽略了某些重要的实验对象:雌性。

最近的一个研究强调了在生物医学研究中忽略性别差异的风险。研究者称,雌性小鼠没有像雄性同类一样建立某种疼痛类型。作者称这一显著的性别差异说明,仅用雄性动物做实验的话,可能无法获得完整的生物学信息。如果人类两性间也存在相似的差异,这将对疼痛治疗的发展产生巨大影响。

美国国立卫生研究院女性健康办公室副主任Janine A.Clayton称:“越来越多的案例表明,性别对生物学机制的影响无处不在,下至细胞,上至生物个体,这项研究仅仅是其中之一。这表明同时研究两性是非常重要的。”

Clayton的办公室以及NIH的其他人员正制订新的政策,鼓励科学家在生物医学研究中考虑性别差异。上个月,NIH宣布计划增加拨款申请指南内容,让科学家将性别作为申请项目中的一个变量。这也意味着仅关注一种性别的研究计划将需要“强有力的理由”。

在小鼠疼痛实验中,蒙特利尔麦吉尔大学(McGillUniversity)的JeffreyS. Mogil和多伦多大学的MichaelW. Salter及合作者着眼于小胶质细胞,它存在于脊髓中,相关通路也研究的比较清楚。炎症或神经损伤促使小胶质细胞向周围的感觉神经元传递信号,使这些细胞从抑制疼痛转为放大疼痛。

构建起这一机制的大部分研究使用的都是雄性小鼠。研究者常常担心雌性小鼠在发情期的激素变化会增加额外的变量,使动物实验更为复杂。为了消除这些变量,科学家要调整动物的生理周期,这一过程费时费力。因而大部分团队都避免在实验中使用雌性动物被试。

然而,Mogil、Salter和其他团队成员在之前的一项研究中发现小胶质细胞上的某一受体会触发雄性小鼠的痛觉敏化,但雌性小鼠不会如此。所以他们想知道两性差异是否不仅仅只是一个蛋白而已。

为了找到答案,研究者用基因工程方法和小分子,抑制患有神经损伤的雄性和雌性小鼠体内小胶质细胞-神经元通路的每一个环节。结果显示,雄鼠痛觉敏化减轻,雌鼠则未受影响。这意味着雌鼠并没有这个回路。当研究者减少雌性小鼠脊髓中的小胶质细胞时,它们依然会有痛觉敏化。

通过进一步实验,该团队初步认定让雌性小鼠对疼痛更加敏感的是免疫细胞T细胞(Nat.Neurosci. 2015,DOI:10.1038/nn.4053)。Mogil称:“两性间的差异不仅仅是一个基因或一种神经递质,而是完全不同的细胞在运行截然不同的机制。”

Salter也为有时两性用不同的细胞运行相同机制感到惊讶。“每次我在会议上谈到这个问题,听众都会表示不信,”他说。“我会告诉他们,‘刚开始我也不信。’”

Mogil和Salter认为人类也可能有相似的性别差异。如果真是这样,药物研发者在研究新的止痛药时就需要将性别考虑在内。

并未参与这项研究的哈佛医学院(HarvardMedical School)神经生物学家Alban Latremoliere对此表示赞同:“这项工作提醒我们要在临床前研究中关注性别差异——其实早该如此了。”

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    2015-07-14 summer474cn

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    2015-07-13 1dd8eb19m15(暂无匿称)

    基因问题?

    0

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