《糖尿病终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗的中国指南(2022版)》对腹膜透析治疗的建议

2022-09-06 网络 网络

长期以来,终末期糖尿病肾病患者进行肾脏替代治疗面临着诸多难点,容易造成心血管事件发生率高、外周血管条件差、感染等并发症。

长期以来,终末期糖尿病肾病患者进行肾脏替代治疗面临着诸多难点,容易造成血管事件发生率高、外周血管条件差、感染等并发症。透析是糖尿病终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗的主要方式。

在肾脏病替代治疗时机上,《糖尿病终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗的中国指南2022版)》建议患者进入透析治疗指征:

当肾小球滤过率(eGFR)<15ml/min,可以做透析前准备,如果出现明显尿毒症症状,则应开始透析治疗。

IDEAL研究指出暂无证据表明较早开始透析对伴有糖尿病的终末期肾病(ESRD)患者有益。但是糖尿病肾病患者往往合并心脑血管病变、下肢血管病变和贫血等危险因素,在这些情况下可以考虑适当提早透析。

根据中国肾脏疾病数据网络和多家大型单位报道,中国内地约23%-28%的腹膜透析患者患有糖尿病,而香港地区则高达38%,可见我国存在庞大的需要透析治疗的糖尿病患者,因此,优化其治疗与管理对于改善预后、推动腹膜透析治疗的更广泛应用至关重要。

腹膜透析导管置入和管理

建议糖尿病ESRD患者腹膜透析导管置入和管理原则上参照非糖尿病ESRD患者。当前临床常用的维持性腹膜透析模式均可用于糖尿病PD治疗。

腹膜透析剂量的选择

对于糖尿病ESRD患者的腹膜透析剂量的选择,总结了以下要点:

• 模式的选择应遵循个体化原则。

• 腹膜高转运患者适合采用DAPDNIPDE-CCPD;高平均和低平均转运患者适合采用CAPDCCPDE-CCPD;低转运患者适合大剂量CAPDCCPD

• 对残肾功能水平很低或已完全丢失的患者,需采用标准剂量透析作为初始治疗方案,并关注透析对血糖的影响,据此调整降糖药物使用。

• 对仍具一定程度残肾功能的初始PD患者,递增式腹膜透析(递增式PD)是一种可行的初始治疗策略。目前,一般认为eGFR 3-10ml/min的患者可采用递增式PD开始PD治疗。递增式PD不仅有助于降低尿量下降速率和腹膜炎风险,还能提高患者依从性和生活质量

腹膜透析液的选择 

传统葡萄糖透析液不利于糖尿病PD患者血糖控制,同时生物相容性低,加剧全身及腹腔局部炎症、损伤腹膜结构与功能。如有条件,可使用艾考糊精透析液或氨基酸透析液。

艾考糊精透析液在不增加葡萄糖负荷的同时增加超滤,且未发现对残肾功能不利影响,尤适用于腹膜高转运或使用传统透析液超滤不佳的患者。

氨基酸透析液不含葡萄糖,渗透压接近2.5%葡萄糖透析液,实现超滤的同时可直接补充必需氨基酸,适用于合并蛋白质能量消耗的糖尿病患者。

腹膜透析并发症的治疗和预防 

容量管理 

专家建议定期评估糖尿病PD患者的容量状态。推荐采取以下措施控制糖尿病PD患者的容量:

• 严格限制水盐摄入,一般氯化钠摄入量不超过5g/d(或钠不超过2g/d)。摄水量需量出为入,注意饮食中隐性水分的摄取。

• 尽可能保护残肾功能:

对于尿量>100mg/d的患者,每3-6个月测算残肾功能;

使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB),注意ACEI/ARB可能引起的肾脏灌注减少、尿量下降,血钾和血肌酐升高;

袢利尿剂有助于促进肾脏水钠排泄,常用方案为呋塞米100-200mg/d,注意耳毒性、低钾血症等副作用;

避免使用碘造影剂等肾毒性药物,避免长时间(持续>3周)使用氨基糖苷类抗生素等肾毒性药物;

如有条件可使用中性pH、低葡萄糖降解产物的PD液。

血钾管理

糖尿病PD患者血钾<3.5mmol/L5.0mmol/L可增加心血管死亡和全因死亡风险<4.5mmol/L5.5mmol/L可增加感染相关死亡风险。发生低钾血症时应注意是否存在PD处方不当并及时调整。可采用口服补钾或透析液中加入钾。

胃轻瘫

建议胃轻瘫的糖尿病腹膜透析患者采用低脂肪、低纤维膳食,少食多餐

腹膜透析血糖管理

血糖监测和靶目标 

• 推荐糖尿病腹膜透析患者至少每3个月检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。

• 建议遵循个体化原则,一般将HbA1c控制在7%左右。

• 应特别注意低血糖发生风险,对存在低血糖风险的老年患者,HbA1c适当放宽至8.5%

• 推荐患者居家监测空腹及餐后指尖血糖。

• 使用艾考糊精透析液,需选择基于葡萄糖氧化酶法的血糖仪及试纸,而非葡萄糖脱氢酶法的血糖仪和试纸,以免错误地高估血糖水平。

糖尿病的治疗

① 一般治疗:饮食控制;适当进行有氧运动,运动强度以个体可耐受为前提,理想状态至少每天锻炼30分钟,每周5天。

② 口服药物治疗:绝大多数口服降糖药在PD患者禁用。

③ 胰岛素治疗:推荐皮下使用胰岛素,而非腹腔使用。

④ 新型PD液的使用:有条件时选用艾考糊精透析液或氨基酸透析液以降低葡萄糖暴露量。

腹膜透析患者的营养治疗

蛋白质摄入

• 推荐采用个体化蛋白饮食方案。无残余肾功能患者蛋白质摄入量1.0-1.2 g/kg/d,有残余肾功能患者0.8-1.0g/kg/d,建议摄入的蛋白质50%以上为高生物价蛋白。

• 全面评估患者营养状况后可酌情个体化补充复方a酮酸制剂0.12g/kg.d

能量摄入

• 推荐热量摄入为35kcal/kg/d

• 60岁以上患者、活动量较小、营养状况良好者可减少至30-35kcal/kg/d

• 计算能量摄入时,应减去腹膜透析时透析液中所含葡萄糖被人体吸收的热量。

 

总之,对于终末期糖尿病肾病患者,及时有效进行腹膜透析治疗可以极大改善患者生活质量。

 

参考文献:

1】中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组. 终末期糖尿病肾脏病肾替代治疗的中国指南(2022版)[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志,20223801):62-75.

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    2022-09-08 xuyong530