Snakebite envenomings remain a neglected disease across the globe causing severe injuries and death. An understanding of regional snakebite patterns i......
Epsilon toxin (ETX) is a key pathogenic factor of C. perfringens type B and D, causing fatal enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. Excessive production of......
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin worldwide that causes major health risks. The esophageal epithelium is unavoidably exposed to food contam......
Aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) is a potent hepatotoxic toxin, which can cause hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver immunological damage. It has been involved in th......
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a major food-borne mycotoxin commonly found in maize and maize-based products, while cadmium is one of the most common toxic hea......
Mushroom poisoning is a common clinical problem. Severe mushroom poisoning often causes liver and kidney failure. Although severe myocardial damage is......
In a natural ecosystem, the pathogen-plant-insect relationship has diverse implications for each other. The pathogens as well as insect-pests consume ......
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common mycotoxins in grains and related products. It is considered a risk factor for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD),......
To maximize survival probability, animals must assess predation risks and adopt flexible defensive strategies based on specific conditions. Pit vipers......
The scorpion venom system plays a critical role in capturing prey and defending against predators. In this study, the rapid developmental process of t......
Economic bivalve ingested toxic algae causes frequent human poisoning events. To explore new compounds that can accelerate the depuration of toxins in......
Melittin is a major active peptide component of bee venom that has been demonstrated to show anti-tumor effects. Osteosarcoma is a type of bone tumor ......
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci have become growing threats to human health, and novel antimicrobials are urgently needed. Natural antimicrobial p......
Zearalenone (ZEN), a type of non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, is mainly produced by several species of Fusarium molds. It is ubiquitous in contamin......
Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) is effective for the treatment of sialorrhea. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have significant functions in salivary diseases, but th......
