Brain:什么?帕金森病的病因也许压根不在大脑里?

2018-03-31 佚名 学术经纬

帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease, PD)是一种神经退行性疾病。患者大脑中运动中枢的神经元逐步死亡,导致震颤和运动能力的丧失。因为PD患者的大脑神经元出现死亡,而且在大脑周围存在着血脑屏障来防止病原体侵入大脑,因此通常人们认为PD发病的源头是大脑中出现的某种异常。

帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease, PD)是一种神经退行性疾病。患者大脑中运动中枢的神经元逐步死亡,导致震颤和运动能力的丧失。因为PD患者的大脑神经元出现死亡,而且在大脑周围存在着血脑屏障来防止病原体侵入大脑,因此通常人们认为PD发病的源头是大脑中出现的某种异常。但是日前美国圣犹大儿童研究医院 (St. Jude Children Research Hospital) 的最新研究表明,触发PD病理过程的最初原因可能不在大脑中,而是藏在外周免疫系统对普通感染免疫反应之中。这项研究发表在《Brain》科学期刊上。


▲我们对许多大脑疾病的认识还很不足(图片来源:Pixabay)

PD的发病机理虽然还不是很清楚,但是已有研究表明有很多基因突变会提高携带者的PD患病风险。其中在LRRK2基因上的突变是遗传性PD中最常见的原因,在40% 的北非阿拉伯后裔和18%的德系犹太人后裔PD患者中会发现这个基因上的突变。但是,携带LRRK2基因突变本身并不足以导致PD的发生。

“我们知道如果双胞胎同时携带着LRRK2基因突变,他们并不见得一定会患上 PD, ” 这篇论文的第一作者,圣犹达儿童研究医院的博士后 Elena Kozina博士说:“他们还需要一个触发事件。”


▲流感可能会增加帕金森病的患病风险(图片来源:Pixabay)

这项研究的负责人,圣犹达儿童研究医院发育神经生物学系的教授Richard Smeyne博士以前的研究表明,得过流感可能会增加PD的患病风险。基于这个结果,Smeyne博士决定研究触发PD发病的原因是否与感染相关。

当细菌感染人体时,人体的免疫系统会识别入侵的外来病原体并且产生对抗感染的免疫反应。免疫系统识别外来细菌的方法之一是通过识别构成细菌细胞壁的脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 。LPS虽然能够激活外周的免疫细胞,但是它本身无法穿过血脑屏障进入大脑,而且激活的免疫细胞也不会迁移到大脑中。表面上看来LPS似乎不会直接对大脑产生什么影响。


▲系统性炎症会引起突变小鼠的神经元死亡(图片来源:《Brain》)

但是当研究人员将LPS注射到表达人体LRRK2突变基因的小鼠中后,他们发现这些小鼠的免疫反应演变成了一场“细胞因子风暴”。在这些小鼠中导致炎症反应的细胞因子水平是对LPS正常反应的3~5倍。这些引发炎症的细胞因子是由携带LRRK2突变基因的T和B免疫细胞分泌的。虽然LPS本身不能穿过血脑屏障,但是研究人员发现超高水平的细胞因子能够进入大脑,并且导致大脑中的小胶质细胞发生病理性激活。

“以前我们知道大脑中的小胶质细胞能够导致炎症的发生,而且在PD患者中,炎症最终会毁坏大脑中负责运动的脑区,” Smeyne 博士说:“但是我们不是很清楚常见的遗传突变在这个过程中的作用,或者突变是如何影响小胶质细胞功能的。” 这项研究的发现将LRRK2基因突变和小胶质细胞的病理激活通过外周免疫系统对感染的异常反应联系了起来。

“虽然我们需要进行更多的实验来检验这一联系,同时需要验证这一结果在人类中是否同样存在,但是这一发现为我们揭示了一种思考这些基因突变如何导致PD的新视角,” Smeyne博士说:“ 虽然我们不能让人们一生服用免疫抑制剂的方法来预防PD,但是如果这一机制得到确认,我们可能发现其它方法在维护人体对感染的免疫反应的同时降低患上PD的可能性。”

原始出处:Elena Kozina,  Shankar Sadasivan,  Yun Jiao, et al. Mutant LRRK2 mediates peripheral and central immune responses leading to neurodegeneration in vivo. Brain, awy077,  21 March 2018

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    2018-04-03 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

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    2018-04-01 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

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    2018-03-31 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

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    2018-03-31 秀红

    学习了

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    2018-03-31 惠映实验室

    学习了.新发现.

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    2018-03-31 1e17414fm02(暂无匿称)

    学习

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