骨筋膜室综合征并发新型冠状病毒肺炎救治一例

2020-08-14 杨平,段祥林,伍振威 中国修复重建外科杂志

2019年12月30日收治1例因急性一氧化碳中毒致右小腿骨筋膜室综合征的49岁男性患者,该患者有慢性肾炎病史10年,1个月前因肾功能衰竭开始透析治疗,入院后急诊行骨筋膜室综合征切开减压术。入院2周并发

2019年12月30日收治1例因急性一氧化碳中毒致右小腿骨筋膜室综合征的49岁男性患者,该患者有慢性肾炎病史10年,1个月前因肾功能衰竭开始透析治疗,入院后急诊行骨筋膜室综合征切开减压术。入院2周并发因2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎,简称“新冠肺炎”,随即转入隔离病房,给予抗感染、抗病毒、祛痰、清热解毒、床边移动透析机床边透析及全身营养、对症支持治疗。经过2周治疗,患者恢复良好,精神状态可,无发热、咳嗽、喘气等不适,食欲可;右下肢伤口干燥,无明显渗出,右下肢及右足感觉、运动功能逐渐恢复。该病例少见、症状重、诊治困难,是目前报道的首例骨科手术后并发新冠肺炎的病例。

2019年12月以来,湖北省武汉市陆续发现多例因2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎,简称“新冠肺炎”。华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院于2019年12月30日收治1例一氧化碳中毒致骨筋膜室综合征患者,该患者于治疗期间并发新冠肺炎,经过多学科全力救治后恢复良好。报告如下。

病例介绍

患者 男,49岁。因“右下肢肿胀1d”入院。入院检查:患者神志清楚,生命体征平稳,急性病容,右小腿肿胀明显,较左侧明显增粗,皮肤张力较高。1d前因煤气泄漏致意识不清,于当地医院就诊,诊断为急性一氧化碳中毒;经过输液、脱水、营养脑神经及高流量氧疗处理后,患者全身症状明显缓解,但右小腿肿胀持续加重,遂转入华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院进一步治疗。既往病史:慢性肾炎病史10年,无肝炎、结核及其他传染病病史;1个月前因肾功能衰竭开始透析治疗。

入院后专科体检:右小腿皮温低、感觉减退;肿胀明显,触诊张力较高;踝关节、足趾呈屈曲状态,肌力1~2级;足背动脉搏动微弱。胸部X线片示双肺野清晰,未见明显实质性病变。生化检查:血清肌酸激酶8450U/L、乳酸脱氢酶3580U/L、肌酸激酶同工酶MB1001.2ng/L,均明显升高;肾功能不全,肌酐、尿素氮升高,肾小球滤过率降低。急诊B超示右大腿中下段、小腿肌层增厚,回声增强,肌纹理模糊。综合患者的病史、症状、体征及辅助检查结果,诊断为右小腿骨筋膜室综合征、一氧化碳中毒。

诊断明确后,急诊行骨筋膜室切开减压术。术中于右小腿内侧和外侧分别作纵行切开,长约20cm,探查见骨筋膜室内张力较高,其中腓肠肌、比目鱼肌水肿严重,呈灰红色,电刺激后轻微收缩;小腿外侧肌群及前侧肌群活力稍好,呈深红色,电刺激肌肉可收缩。彻底减压后,封闭式负压引流(VSD)敷料覆盖创面。术后加强抗炎、消肿止痛、营养脑神经、面罩高流量持续吸纯氧及对症支持治疗。术后2周患肢肿胀逐步减退,感觉、运动功能明显恢复,肌力恢复至3级;拆除VSD敷料,清洗切口,凡士林纱布覆盖,待切口干燥后,二期植皮修复创面。入院2周后患者出现发热、咳嗽、胸闷、喘气,以午后发热多见,体温不超过38.5℃,伴咳嗽、咳痰,痰少。1周后病情恶化,肺部CT检查示:双肺多发斑片状实变影及磨玻璃影,上叶为甚,沿支气管周围分布,部分位于胸膜下;中至大量胸腔积液,双下肺叶节段性不张(图1)。生化检查示:白细胞11.8×109/L,增高;淋巴细胞0.7×109/L,淋巴细胞百分比5.9%,明显下降;甲流/乙流(—),9种呼吸道感染病原体(肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌血清1型、腺病毒、Q热立克次体、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒A、流感病毒B和副流感病毒1、2、3)IgM检测均为阴性。新冠肺炎核酸PCR检测阳性,经专家组确诊为新冠肺炎。患者随即转入协和武汉红十字会医院隔离病房治疗,给予抗感染(莫西沙星针+头孢他啶针)、抗病毒(阿比多尔、更昔洛韦针等)、祛痰(氨溴索)、清热解毒(喜炎平注射液)、床边移动透析机床边透析及其全身营养、对症支持治疗。经过2周治疗,患者恢复良好,精神状态可,无发热、咳嗽、喘气等不适,食欲可,伤口干燥,无明显渗出,右下肢及右足感觉、运动功能逐渐恢复(肌力4级)。





讨论

骨筋膜室综合征是指骨筋膜室内的肌肉和神经因急性缺血、缺氧而产生的一系列早期症候群,是临床常见的急症,多见于前臂和小腿。骨筋膜室综合征的致病原因分为创伤性和非创伤性,前者多见,后者临床上少见。其治疗关键在于早发现、早诊断、早治疗,早期彻底切开筋膜减压是治疗骨筋膜室综合征的有效方法;一旦5P征同时出现,提示神经肌肉已发生不可逆性损伤,发展为缺血性肌挛缩和坏疽。切开减压要彻底敞开受累骨筋膜室,解除室内高压,阻断缺血-水肿-缺血恶性循环。切开减压后,血循环得到改善,大量坏死组织、分泌物、代谢产物和毒素等进入血液循环,可导致休克、心率不齐和急性肾功能衰竭等并发症。血液透析可清除进入血液循环中的毒素,清除体内的代谢废物,纠正体内代谢紊乱,改善肾功能。此外,术后配合适度的功能锻炼,可以促进肢体功能早日恢复。

一氧化碳中毒的主要临床表现为头痛头昏、四肢无力、恶心呕吐等症状,严重者可出现意识障碍,甚至危及生命。对一氧化碳中毒的患者,首诊医生在做好急救的同时,要重点关注患者四肢感觉、运动功能及末梢血液循环、肢体疼痛、肿胀等情况,及时排查处理骨筋膜室综合征。本例患者发生骨筋膜室综合征的可能机制:①一氧化碳中毒,导致横纹肌溶解,筋膜间室内压力增加,循环受阻,造成室内肌肉及神经缺血、缺氧;②一氧化碳与血液中红细胞的血红蛋白结合形成稳定的COHb,既不能携带氧,又使血氧不易释放,加重了组织缺氧;③压迫性肌肉坏死,右下肢长时间受压会使肌肉缺血、肿胀,使筋膜室内压力升高,形成缺血-水肿恶性循环,导致骨筋膜室综合征的发生与进展;④该患者有肾功能衰竭病史,体内代谢产物和毒素的潴留,水、电解质酸碱紊乱,致使红细胞被破坏或寿命缩短,加重组织细胞缺血、缺氧。

新冠肺炎临床上以发热、乏力、干咳为主要表现,少数患者伴腹泻症状。肺部CT和呼吸道标本实时荧光定量PCR检测新型冠状病毒核酸,是目前此病的主要辅助检查方法。新冠肺炎尚无针对性有效治疗方法,其基础治疗包括对症支持治疗,维持氧、水、电解质等内环境的稳定;抗生素只对细菌有效,对病毒无效,建议慎用,只有考虑合并细菌感染时才使用抗生素;抗病毒治疗主要包括α-干扰素、洛匹那韦/利托那韦等抗病毒药物,目前没有特效抗病毒药物。此外,氧疗也是一个很重要的手段,包括鼻导管、面罩给氧和经鼻高流量氧疗等措施。从目前临床报道来看,老年人和有慢性基础疾病者预后较差。Huang等通过对59例可疑患者进行临床、影像及病原学检查,其中41例确诊为新冠肺炎;通过进一步分析发现,32%患者伴有慢性基础性疾病,且伴发合并症的中老年患者更易感染2019-nCoV。

当前,新冠肺炎蔓延肆虐,广大市民居家不能外出,密闭环境中一氧化碳浓度升高,中毒会更重,故应常开窗通风,保持室内空气流通。本例患者情况少见,症状重、诊治困难,是目前报道的首例骨科手术后并发新冠肺炎的病例,经过积极救治获得了较好临床疗效。由于新冠肺炎传染性比较强,在临床工作中医务人员务必做好以下几点:①患者入院前,必须检测体温、肺部CT、血常规(含C反应蛋白),必要时核酸检查,筛查新冠肺炎;②至多允许1名家属陪同,家属也必须筛查新冠肺炎;③无论对确诊还是疑似患者都必须一视同仁,严格遵守消毒隔离制度,在独立专用隔离手术室里进行手术(参照骨科气性坏疽手术规程);④手术人员必须按严密隔离要求穿戴防护用品,在全面防护条件下为患者实施手术;⑤术后妥善隔离患者,按规程严格处理手术器械及物品,对专用手术间进行全面消杀;⑥对处于病毒潜伏期的患者,术后一旦确诊,应立即转入隔离病房,原病房需做好消毒隔离,所有手术人员及密切接触者均须隔离观察,并进行新冠肺炎排查相关检查。

原始出处:

杨平,段祥林,伍振威,周青山,吴星火.骨筋膜室综合征并发新型冠状病毒肺炎救治一例[J/OL].中国修复重建外科杂志:1-3[2020-08-14].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1372.R.20200629.1700.016.html.

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803768, encodeId=cfe51803e682a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65e7e591382' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#筋膜室#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75913, encryptionId=65e7e591382, topicName=筋膜室)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Nov 14 01:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824506, encodeId=0ede1824506ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a2d5819285' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型冠状病毒肺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58192, encryptionId=3a2d5819285, topicName=新型冠状病毒肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=fengyqf, createdTime=Mon Apr 05 08:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758275, encodeId=8bc41e5827586, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Sun Feb 07 10:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707997, encodeId=70051e07997ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8df10181459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨筋膜室综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101814, encryptionId=e8df10181459, topicName=骨筋膜室综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd9531527905, createdName=ms4964546379600229, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 17:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809059, encodeId=200e80905943, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431914, encodeId=00331431914dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 05:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1603781, encodeId=b8a91603e81d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adc530923b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠状病毒肺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30923, encryptionId=adc530923b2, topicName=冠状病毒肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 05:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803768, encodeId=cfe51803e682a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=65e7e591382' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#筋膜室#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75913, encryptionId=65e7e591382, topicName=筋膜室)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=793a2500200, createdName=12498e5fm12(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Nov 14 01:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824506, encodeId=0ede1824506ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a2d5819285' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新型冠状病毒肺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58192, encryptionId=3a2d5819285, topicName=新型冠状病毒肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=fengyqf, createdTime=Mon Apr 05 08:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758275, encodeId=8bc41e5827586, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Sun Feb 07 10:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707997, encodeId=70051e07997ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8df10181459' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨筋膜室综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101814, encryptionId=e8df10181459, topicName=骨筋膜室综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd9531527905, createdName=ms4964546379600229, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 17:44:58 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809059, encodeId=200e80905943, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200814/81d08245657a4a7f9a1ef713c0ec5878/ec4b201a22194a319b1aeb171bc6bb3d.jpg, createdBy=41e02111625, createdName=1581f8c42cm, createdTime=Sat Aug 15 06:17:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1431914, encodeId=00331431914dd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 05:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1603781, encodeId=b8a91603e81d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=adc530923b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠状病毒肺炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30923, encryptionId=adc530923b2, topicName=冠状病毒肺炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 05:44:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-07 丁鹏鹏
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    2020-08-15 1581f8c42cm

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    展开1条回复
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