狼疮性肾炎需及时治疗,免疫抑制剂必不可少

2019-07-29 Fiona Medsci

狼疮性肾炎(LN)是自身免疫疾病系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的肾脏损害,是SLE最常见和最重要的肾脏并发症,其临床表现多样,包括无症状血尿和(或)蛋白尿、肾脏综合征、伴有肾功能损害的急进性肾炎。LN的诊断及分类那患者什么样的表现可以判定为是狼疮性肾炎呢?对于SLE诊断明确的患者,如果存在肾脏受累表现,即可诊断狼疮性肾炎。例如单纯性血尿或蛋白尿,血尿、蛋白尿伴水肿、腰酸或高血压,即肾炎样表现;大量蛋白尿

狼疮性肾炎(LN)是自身免疫疾病系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的肾脏损害,是SLE最常见和最重要的肾脏并发症,其临床表现多样,包括无症状血尿和(或)蛋白尿、肾脏综合征、伴有肾功能损害的急进性肾炎。

LN的诊断及分类

那患者什么样的表现可以判定为是狼疮性肾炎呢?

对于SLE诊断明确的患者,如果存在肾脏受累表现,即可诊断狼疮性肾炎。例如单纯性血尿或蛋白尿,血尿、蛋白尿伴水肿、腰酸或高血压,即肾炎样表现;大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、水肿,即肾病综合征样表现;血尿、蛋白尿伴肾功能急剧减退,呈急进性肾炎表现;肾间质病变;慢性肾衰竭。

国际肾脏病学会和肾脏病理学会(ISN/RPS)对狼疮性肾炎分型时,主要根据肾小球病变来分型。狼疮性肾炎病理学分类一共分为6型,分别为I型:正常或微小病变型;II型:系膜增殖性狼疮性肾炎;III型:局灶增殖性狼疮性肾炎;IV型:弥漫增值性狼疮性肾炎;V型:膜性狼疮性肾炎;VI型:硬化性狼疮性肾炎。

不同类型LN的治疗

LN治疗的最终目标为长期保护肾功能、预防复发并避免治疗相关性损害,同时,改善患者的生存率和生活质量。

EULAR指南指出,对于I型和VI型LN,一般不需要应用免疫抑制治疗,除非患者有肾外狼疮活动。对于应用RAAS阻滞剂后,蛋白尿仍>1 g/24h的II型LN患者应使用低至中等剂量的糖皮质激素。
免疫抑制剂分为皮质类固醇类药物、钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(CNIs)、抗细胞增值类药物、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制剂(mTORi)及生物性免疫抑制剂。

吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)是器官移植中抑制细胞增殖最常用的药物,它进入人体后代谢成其活性成分霉酚酸。后者通过抑制次黄嘌呤单核苷酸脱氢酶,阻断了嘌呤碱基的从头合成途径,从而使DNA合成受阻,影响细胞增殖。由于T/B细胞中仅有从头合成途径一种方式,而其他细胞中尚有补救合成途径,因此霉酚酸酯主要影响T/B细胞的增殖。



对于III型或IV型LN的治疗分为诱导缓解治疗和维持治疗两个阶段。治疗目标是经过初始强化治疗快速控制炎症,随后进入较长时间的维持巩固治疗。KDIGO指南推荐初始治疗为糖皮质激素联合环磷酰胺(CTX)或吗替麦考酚酯。而对于III型或IV型LN患者的维持性治疗,KDIGO指南推荐低剂量糖皮质激素(<10mg/d泼尼松)联合硫唑嘌呤或霉酚酸酯。

表现为非肾病范围蛋白尿且肾功能稳定的V型狼疮性肾炎患者,应使用羟氯喹、ACEI及控制身外狼疮治疗。而表现为大量蛋白尿的V型狼疮性肾炎患者,KDIGO指南建议初始诱导性治疗需使用糖皮质激素及任意一种免疫抑制剂:环磷酰胺/钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂/吗替麦考酚酯/硫唑嘌呤。

若患者对抗细胞增值类药物不耐受时,可选择钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂类药物(如他克莫司)。例如,对于一线药物(如糖皮质激素联合CTX或MMF)无效或不耐受的III、IV及V型LN,可选择他克莫司;若V型LN对激素及环磷酰胺疗效差,他克莫司可作为V型狼疮的一线免疫抑制剂。

临床应答及预后

LN治疗后的临床应答反应分为四种,分别为肾脏完全缓解、部分缓解、改善或复发。



在患者治疗过程中,应定期检测血清肌酐、蛋白尿、尿沉渣镜检判断LN活动性,及时随访并进行体重和血压监测来评估对治疗的反应。需要注意的是,血清肌酐(eGFR)、蛋白尿、血红蛋白和血压的变化是LN长期治疗的预测因子,切不可忽视。对于疾病恶化或对免疫抑制剂、生物治疗无效--即蛋白尿减少不超过50%、持续蛋白尿超过1年和/或肾小球滤过率的患者,或者治疗后复发的患者,需要进行重复肾活检,以明确病理类型改变或进展情况,为预后和检查其他病理情况做好准备。


参考文献
1.中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏学组. 狼疮性肾炎诊治循证指南(2016)[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2018(2):88-94.
2.他克莫司在狼疮肾炎中应用的中国专家共识讨论组. 他克莫司在狼疮肾炎中应用的中国专家共识讨论组[J]. 中华风湿病学杂志, 2017(7).
3.Bertsias G K , Tektonidou M , Amoura Z , et al. Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis.[J]. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2012, 71(11):1771-1782.
4. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerulonephritis Work Group:?KDIGO clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis.?Kidney Int Suppl?2: 139–274, 2012
5.Bajema I M , Wilhelmus S , Alpers C E , et al. Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices[J]. Kidney International, 2018:S0085253817308591.

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    2020-04-04 jklm09
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    2019-07-31 villahu
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    2019-07-29 thm112988

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