JEADV:理发师的手部湿疹发病率竟然这么高?

2021-11-23 医路坦克 MedSci原创

职业性接触性皮炎是一个常见的问题,美发是最常受到影响的职业之一。超过90%的理发师在他们职业的第八年经历了HE的发作,其中63.1%的发型师是在他们的学徒阶段首次出现HE的。

     职业性接触性皮炎是一个常见的问题,美发是最常受到影响的职业之一。理发师长时间泡水,而且染发剂、漂白和美发产品以及防护手套中都有可能存在过敏原。据估计,美发师的手湿疹(HE)发病率是普通人群的两倍多,其累积终生患病率在29.1%至42.3%之间。

    因为职业性湿疹(OHE)通常对工作保持有负面影响。大多数理发师表现出较早的HE发病,理发学徒中与HE相关的辍学率高也就不足为奇了。有研究报告称,几乎一半的理发师已经离开了这个行业,23.1%的人报告称HE是他们离职的原因。目前,我们对理发师HE的长期过程的了解很差,也不知道在理发师职业生涯的后期需要进行初级预防

我们提出了一项对2009年成立的训练有素的理发师的预期队列的研究。这些理发师从1985年到2007年毕业,并于2020年进行了跟踪调查。我们评估了HE患病率和发病率及其相关危险因素的发展,以及报告HE基线的理发师的预后。

   方法:对1985-2007年丹麦美发职业学校毕业的所有理发师进行前瞻性队列研究。2009年发出了一份自填式问卷,2020年进行了跟踪调查。丹麦劳动力市场补充养老金计划的数据提供了每年与美发业从属关系的信息。


   结果:HE终生累积患病率从基线的42.3%上升到随访时的45.2%(优势比[OR]为1.1;95%可信区间[CI]为1.0-1.2)。发病率从基线的42.8例/1000人年(95%CI,40.8~44.8)下降到随访期间的3.4例/1000人年(95%CI,2.5~4.6)。90%以上的病例在开始学徒后8年内发病,68%的病例在学徒期内发病。与基线时有肝性脑病相关的危险因素是既往阳性斑贴试验(调整后OR[AOR],5.3;95%CI,4.2-6.6)、特应性皮炎病史(AOR,3.4;95%CI,2.9-4.0)和女性(AOR,1.8;95%CI 1.4-2.3)。随访时最重要的危险因素是既往HE(AOR,10.1;95%CI,7.3~13.8)和随访期间斑贴试验阳性(AOR,4.5;95%CI,3.0~6.8)。在基础水平有HE的理发师中,65.5%的人在随访时有缓解,而34.6%的人有持续性且通常是严重的HE。患有持续性HE的理发师是研究人群中最常受到HE危险因素影响的亚群。

   在这项研究中,我们对理发师毕业后长达35年的时间进行了跟踪调查。我们观察到HE终生患病率略有上升,,从2009年基线的42.3%上升到2020年随访时的45.2%。首次出现在理发师的HE的IRR为0.08,比较了毕业至基线和基线至随访的时间。这表明HE的发病率几乎完全停止了。此外,超过90%的理发师在他们职业的第八年经历了HE的发作,其中63.1%的发型师是在他们的学徒阶段首次出现HE的。我们的数据表明,理发师新发的HE主要与学徒和最初几年的专业工作有关。

    随访中HE的主要危险因素是先前的HE,这突出了早期一级预防的必要性。HE的总体改善是明显的,但值得注意的是,34.6%的HE理发师患有持续性皮炎,而且常常是严重的皮炎。这相当于研究人口的14.2%,表明大部分毕业生在毕业多年后受到影响。持续HE的毕业生更可能是女性,有特应性皮炎(AD)病史或阳性斑贴试验,突出了这些风险因素对HE的重要性。有趣的是,在有AD病史的人和没有AD病史的人之间,作为理发师工作的年数没有显着差异。这表明即使在具有正常皮肤屏障功能的个体中,过度暴露于美发刺激物和过敏原也迅速超过接触性皮炎的阈值。虽然有AD病史的理发师更有可能发展HE,因此需要职业指导,但早期的一级预防对学徒来说似乎同样重要,无论他们的特应性倾向如何。

   HE的一级预防应集中在新近毕业的美发学徒和训练有素的理发师身上。大约三分之一的理发师会持续出现严重的HE,强调早期干预的必要性。

 

文献来源:Havmose M,  Thyssen JP,  Zachariae C, Long-term follow-up of hand eczema in hairdressers: a prospective cohort study of Danish hairdressers graduating from 1985 to 2007,J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021 Nov 08;

 

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JAHA:加利福尼亚州妊娠相关心肌梗死的发病率和机制变化

在过去的十年中,加利福尼亚州的PAMI发病率呈上升趋势,自发性冠状动脉夹层、血管痉挛和Takotsubo综合征的发病机制呈上升趋势。这些结果值得进一步调查。

J Infect Dis:接种水痘疫苗会降低老年人带状疱疹的发病率吗?

虽然带状疱疹的发病率低于水痘,但它经常与潜在的致衰性并发症有关,如带状疱疹后神经痛和葡萄膜炎,造成相当大的健康和经济负担。