心衰治疗“金三角”,有哪些药?怎么用?

2022-05-10 中国医学论坛报今日循环 中国医学论坛报今日循环

心衰药物治疗主要靠这七种“武器”。

心衰是心血管疾病的最后战场,病死率很高。一旦患上就无法治愈,可谓心血管疾病的“鬼见愁”!
 
心衰药物治疗主要靠这七种“武器”:
  • 利尿剂

  • 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)

  • 血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)

  • 沙库巴曲缬沙坦

[以上三者为肾素血管紧张素系统(RAS)抑制剂]
  • β受体阻滞剂

  • 螺内酯

  • 伊伐布雷定

我们不仅仅要使用这7种药物,并且使用方案要达到优化
  • 使用利尿剂要使患者达到“干重”状态;

  • RAS抑制剂和β受体阻滞剂应达到目标剂量或耐受剂量;

  • 螺内酯国内推荐的最大剂量为每天20 mg(起始剂量从10 mg/d开始);

  • 伊伐布雷定目标剂量为7.5 mg bid(起始剂量从2.5 mg bid开始)。

上述七种药物的应用代表了对慢性射血分数降低心衰(HFrEF)治疗的三种基本策略:
  • 一是应用RAS抑制剂和β受体阻滞剂阻断过度激活的神经内分泌系统;

  • 二是应用利尿剂消除液体潴留(适当的容量负荷管理);

  • 三是β受体阻滞剂和伊伐布雷定联合使用使心率在静息状态下达到55~65次/分(优化的心率管理)。

目前抗心衰治疗的简要流程
 
初始阶段从利尿剂开始使用,后联合使用三种RAS抑制剂中的一种,同时可以加入β受体阻滞剂,这两种药物联合被称为“黄金搭档”。之后,如患者血钾水平和肾功能正常,可加入螺内酯——形成治疗的“金三角”(图)。 
 
图片
图 慢性心衰治疗流程(根据2018中国心衰指南简化)
 
如经过治疗,患者仍然存在临床症状,窦性心律在70次/分以上,可加用伊伐布雷定。
 
如果在前面治疗中使用的是ACEI或ARB,而未使用沙库巴曲缬沙坦,那么在“金三角”之后,可在患者出现症状后用沙库巴曲缬沙坦替换ACEI或ARB。
 
慢性心力衰竭治疗在临床上可分为5个步骤
  • 第一步,如患者存在液体潴留,应使用利尿剂,目前80%左右的患者都应使用利尿剂治疗

  • 第二步,加入RAS抑制剂及β受体阻滞剂形成治疗的“黄金搭档”;

  • 第三步,加入螺内酯形成治疗“金三角”;

  • 第四步,窦性心律患者心率增快在70次/分以上,可加用伊伐布雷定。仍有症状患者也可以加用地高辛;

  • 第五步,如在第二步中使用的是ACEI或ARB,此时可以用沙库巴曲缬沙坦替换ACEI或ARB。需要指出的是,近几年的一系列研究提示,该药和ACEI/ARB一样,也可以用于尚不稳定的心衰患者如出院前和出院后的早期患者,即在心衰的全程应用,且由于该药在许多方面占优,故亦可作为RAS抑制剂起始选用的药物。

 

钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂
 
这是一种治疗慢性心衰的新药,也是一种降糖药物,在肾小管近段重吸收葡萄糖从而降低血糖,同时增加尿液中的葡萄糖含量,有一定的利尿和降低血压作用,这些降糖、利尿、轻度降压的作用对心衰都是有益的。因此,SGLT-2抑制剂不仅是一种降糖药,在心衰治疗中也是有希望的药物。
 
2019年公布的DAPA-HF研究在有或无糖尿病的心衰患者中,在使用了上述的药物并达到优化治疗后,将患者随机分为安慰剂组和达格列净组。结果显示,达格列净治疗可使主要复合终点心血管死亡或心衰恶化风险降低达26%,即每治疗21例患者就可减少1例的心血管死亡或心衰恶化,证实了这种药物的临床有效性及实际使用价值。
 
在2019年发布的我国慢性心力衰竭基层诊疗指南中SGLT-2抑制剂就被推荐为Ⅰ类药物,B级证据。证据就来自DAPA-HF研究。
 
新型药物维拉西胍(vericiguat)
 
该药可通过激活心衰患者可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC),改善心肌细胞代谢。在心衰患者中一氧化氮(NO)的利用减少,使下游可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶活性降低,导致心肌细胞内cGMP减少,导致心功能障碍、心肌重构或心力衰竭。
 
维拉西胍作为直接可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)激动剂,可增加心肌细胞内cGMP含量,对心功能和心衰的治疗是有益的。这也是有史以来第一次被证实在心肌细胞内影响心肌细胞代谢的药物能有效治疗心衰。
 
大约40年前就有专家提出,心衰患者的心肌细胞代谢一定有问题。然而,30~40年间,通过改善心肌内细胞代谢来治疗心衰的探索都一直没有取得临床治疗的成功。
 
维拉西胍是第一个通过改善细胞内代谢使心衰患者治疗获益的药物。2020年公布的VICTORIA Ⅲ期临床研究显示,在优化治疗基础上,维拉西胍与安慰剂相比,可显著降低心血管死亡率和心衰再住院率,证实维拉西胍作为影响细胞内代谢的药物在未来心衰治疗中很有前景
 
这2种新药物未来将逐渐进入慢性心衰的临床治疗中。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026422, encodeId=98762026422e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2cb9614253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#金三角#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96142, encryptionId=b2cb9614253, topicName=金三角)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:35:39 CST 2022, time=2022-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220044, encodeId=bf55122004412, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=31a28165882, createdName=ms8000001896552552, createdTime=Mon May 16 16:29:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218710, encodeId=b7851218e1056, content=感谢老师分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220424/d1a02915c1074376b5d24f9bebd99767/33e8a532f6b94a6b8cef81d5e81e391b.jpg, createdBy=5ef76425265, createdName=2022.4, createdTime=Wed May 11 11:55:46 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218667, encodeId=7bc9121866ede, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=723f6570953, createdName=ms6000001346206655, createdTime=Wed May 11 09:45:47 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218620, encodeId=06e4121862016, content=很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d7555413795, createdName=籽樱, createdTime=Wed May 11 00:36:35 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-16 ms8000001896552552

    学习了

    0

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    2022-05-11 2022.4

    感谢老师分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026422, encodeId=98762026422e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2cb9614253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#金三角#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96142, encryptionId=b2cb9614253, topicName=金三角)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:35:39 CST 2022, time=2022-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220044, encodeId=bf55122004412, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=31a28165882, createdName=ms8000001896552552, createdTime=Mon May 16 16:29:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218710, encodeId=b7851218e1056, content=感谢老师分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220424/d1a02915c1074376b5d24f9bebd99767/33e8a532f6b94a6b8cef81d5e81e391b.jpg, createdBy=5ef76425265, createdName=2022.4, createdTime=Wed May 11 11:55:46 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218667, encodeId=7bc9121866ede, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=723f6570953, createdName=ms6000001346206655, createdTime=Wed May 11 09:45:47 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218620, encodeId=06e4121862016, content=很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d7555413795, createdName=籽樱, createdTime=Wed May 11 00:36:35 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-11 ms6000001346206655

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2026422, encodeId=98762026422e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2cb9614253' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#金三角#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96142, encryptionId=b2cb9614253, topicName=金三角)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b34252, createdName=chenshujs, createdTime=Tue Jul 19 22:35:39 CST 2022, time=2022-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220044, encodeId=bf55122004412, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=31a28165882, createdName=ms8000001896552552, createdTime=Mon May 16 16:29:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218710, encodeId=b7851218e1056, content=感谢老师分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220424/d1a02915c1074376b5d24f9bebd99767/33e8a532f6b94a6b8cef81d5e81e391b.jpg, createdBy=5ef76425265, createdName=2022.4, createdTime=Wed May 11 11:55:46 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218667, encodeId=7bc9121866ede, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=723f6570953, createdName=ms6000001346206655, createdTime=Wed May 11 09:45:47 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1218620, encodeId=06e4121862016, content=很好,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d7555413795, createdName=籽樱, createdTime=Wed May 11 00:36:35 CST 2022, time=2022-05-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-11 籽樱

    很好,学习了

    0

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