Nature Biotechnology:斯坦福/牛津纳米孔/谷歌/英伟达合作,开发超快速纳米孔测序,7小时发现致病基因突变

2022-03-29 生物世界 生物世界

也许在不远的将来,基因诊断也会像核酸检测一样,只用等上几个小时就能得到结果,方便患者得到最快的最合适的治疗。

全基因组测序(WGS)可以让科学家看到一个人完整的DNA序列构成,其中包含从眼睛颜色到遗传疾病的所有信息。因此,基因组测序对于诊断患者涉及DNA的疾病至关重要——一旦医生知道了特定的基因突变,他们就可以相应地制定治疗方案。

在对病人进行全基因组测序并分析结果,往往需要耗时几周时间,这已经被大多数医生认为是快速了。但对于一些急性病患者,这个时间显然还是太长了。那么,能否进一步将耗时缩短到几天甚至几个小时呢?

2022328日,斯坦福大学联合加州大学圣克鲁兹基因组研究所、谷歌公司、牛津纳米孔公司、英伟达公司,在 Nature Biotechnology 期刊发表了题为:Accelerated identification of disease-causing variants with ultra-rapid nanopore genome sequencing 的研究论文。

在这项研究中,研究团队开发了一种超快速纳米孔全基因组测序方法(ultra-rapid nanopore WGS),该方法结合了优化的样品制备方案,将测序分配到48个测序流动池(flow cells)同步工作,近实时碱基检测和比对,加速突变位点的检出。

研究团队将该方法应用到了两个临床病例中,从测序样品制备到检测出致病基因突变,耗时不到8小时。这表明与之前的方法相比,这一超快速纳米孔全基因组测序方法提供了准确的致病基因突变检测结果,加速了诊断性临床基因组测序。

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全基因组测序(WGS)在临床医学诊断方面具有重要优势,尤其是在重症监护情况下,但测序过程和测序后数据分析的流程通常很慢,这限制了对一些急性病人的对症治疗。

全基因测序通常使用的是二代测序技术(NGS),该技术是将基因组切成小片段,然后读取每个片段的DNA序列,最后使用标准的人类基因组作为参考将整个基因组拼接起来。但这种方法的测序和数据分析耗时长,而且不总是能捕捉到我们基因组的全部,而且它提供的信息有时会忽略指向诊断的基因变异。

近年来,纳米孔测序技术发展迅速,已经成为一种高通量、高保真测序平台。牛津纳米孔公司开发的 PromethION 平台能够容纳48个测序流动池(flow cells),每个流动池可以独立完成测序。

研究团队推测,48个流动池同步测序,能够在2小时内对单个样本测序到临床质量深度。此外,研究团队认为,测序后的比对、突变位点发现可以在数小时内完成。

但要想实现这一目标,还面临一些明显的技术挑战。首先,传统的测序样本制备方案没有考虑从有限的血液样本中快速生成满足临床测序所需的测序文库;其次,48个测序流动池同步测序,可以实现近乎实时的测序数据产出,但数据产生的速度远远超出了碱基对比的速度;第三,使用纳米孔测序小突变的性能还没有在临床样本中得到表征;最后,传统的突变过滤和优先排序方法会导致约有100个突变候选位点,这需要人工进行进一步筛选和确认,限制了效率。

在这项研究中,研究团队联合了加州大学圣克鲁兹基因组研究所、谷歌公司、牛津纳米孔公司、英伟达公司,来解决上述挑战。他们开发了超快速纳米孔全基因组测序方法(ultra-rapid nanopore WGS),该流程优化了基因测序样本制备方法,并将数据上传到谷歌云计算平台,并有英伟达提供高性能计算,执行近实时碱基调用和比对,大大加速了对单核苷酸多态性(SNP)、插入和缺失突变(indels)和结构变异(SVs)的发现,并使用Genome In A Bottle样本作为参考基因组进行比对和表征。

图片

最后,研究团队使用该方法对一名57岁危重病男性和一名14个月大的婴儿进行测序诊断,在抽血后不到8小时(分别耗时7小时18分和7小时48分)就检测到了候选基因突变。这笔迄今为止报告的最快的时间(从样品制备到突变鉴定)还要快约50%

图片

总的来说,该研究开发了一种超快速纳米孔全基因组测序方法(ultra-rapid nanopore WGS),能够在2小时内对人类全基因组进行深度测序,并结合实时碱基调用、比对,在8小时内发现候选致病就因突变。

值得一提的是,该团队于2022112日在《新英格兰医学杂志》(NEJM)上发表了题为:Ultrarapid Nanopore Genome Sequencing in a Critical Care Setting 的文章。

研究团队开发了一种新的超快速纳米孔基因组测序方法,用于诊断罕见的遗传疾病,平均仅需耗时8小时,这在标准的临床护理中前所未见。快速诊断意味着病人在重症监护病房花费的时间更短,需要的检查更少,恢复得更快,在护理上花费更少。更重要的是,这种更快的测序技术并没有牺牲准确性,测序结果依旧可靠。

图片

总而言之,这项超快速纳米孔全基因组测序技术可以在约8个小时的时间里诊断出患者的遗传病因,并成为基因突变诊断的游戏规则改变者

Euan Ashley 教授表示:传统的标准测试筛选病人血液中与疾病相关的标志物,但它们只扫描少数有明确记录的基因。而这项新技术可以扫描病人的整个基因组,寻找科学文献中提出的任何和所有的基因变体,即使该基因是在前一天才被发现的。

这项研究发表之后,更多的科学家开始涌入这一领域,也许在不远的将来,基因诊断也会像核酸检测一样,只用等上几个小时就能得到结果,方便患者得到最快的最合适的治疗。

论文链接:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-022-01221-5

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2112090

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    2022-06-18 cathymary
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    2022-11-16 sunylz
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    2022-07-10 axin009
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    2023-01-23 liye789132251
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    2022-08-05 shock_melon
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    2022-03-31 isabellayj

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