JAMA Pediatr:感染性腹泻诊疗 全新美国临床实践指南来啦!

2018-09-21 吴星 环球医学

2018年8月,《JAMA Pediatr》上发表了《2017美国感染病协会感染性腹泻诊疗临床实践指南》。具体内容如下:

2018年8月,《JAMA Pediatr》上发表了《2017美国感染病协会感染性腹泻诊疗临床实践指南》。具体内容如下:

目标人群:美国急性或持续性感染性腹泻的婴儿、儿童、青少年和成人。

主要推荐:

对发热、血性或粘液性粪便,严重腹部绞痛或压痛,或脓毒症迹象的患者进行粪便细菌病原体检测(强、中度)。

大多数有急性水样腹泻或血性腹泻,年龄在3个月或以上的健康患者,请避免使用抗菌药物(强、低)。

对于感染大肠杆菌O157或产2型志贺毒素的病原菌,或毒素基因型未知的患者,请避免使用抗菌药物(强、中度)。

使用渗透压降低的口服补液(ORS)作为一线治疗,适用于轻度至中度脱水,即使呕吐也是如此(强、中度)。

考虑鼻饲ORS治疗中度脱水(弱、低)。

使用等渗静脉注射液,治疗重度脱水、休克,或精神状态改变和ORS治疗失败(强、高)或肠梗阻(强、中度)。

可给予抗呕吐或止吐药物,以促进4岁以上患者的口服补液(弱、中度)。

免疫功能正常患者,可给予益生菌,以降低腹泻的严重程度和持续时间(弱、中度)。

口服补锌可减少6个月至5岁可能缺锌儿童腹泻的持续时间(强、中度)。

向区域、国家或当地健康部门报告全国所有需要申报的病原体,以确保感染控制和预防实践(强、高)

证据基础:

指南委员会提出21个临床问题,以向美国感染性腹泻的诊疗提供推荐。检索MEDLINE和Embase数据库中的文献。纳入标准为(1)2001年至2013年发表的随机临床试验(如果没有找到合适的随机临床试验,则考虑系统评价和实践指南),(2)使用英语,在北美完成,或有欧洲作者参与,目的是概括诊断指南,(3)聚焦于国际旅游相关感染的文章(无地域限制)。

对发热、血性粪便、严重腹部压痛,阳性检测结果可能性较高的患者,进行粪便细菌性病原体检测。粪便细菌性病原体检测结果为阳性,有助于确定抗菌药(尤其是肠道沙门氏菌亚种、志贺菌和弯曲杆菌)的使用,防止不必要的检验和影像学警察。粪便研究结果阴性或促使考虑非感染性原因。甚至在不发热或无血性粪便的免疫系统受损的患者、疾病风险较高的患者中,或在疑似爆发期间,也应该考虑细菌、病毒,以及寄生虫的检测。

对大部分免疫功能正常的患者,不推荐使用经验性抗菌药物。考虑使用经验性抗菌药物的人群包括出生3个月或年龄更小的疑似细菌感染的婴儿、疑似志贺菌感染的免疫活性不良的患者,以及近期旅行并发热(38.5°C)或有脓毒症症状的个体。产志贺霉素大肠杆菌O157,且有损害者应该避免使用抗菌药物。

低渗透压ORS仍然是所有急性腹泻患者的一线治疗药物,且与轻度至中度脱水相关。在年龄低于5岁的儿童中,口服补液与静脉注射液一样安全有效,低渗透压ORS与较少的非计划性静脉输液、腹泻和呕吐减少,以及低钠血症风险不增加相关。对口服液体能力受损的患者,应考虑通过管给予ORS。仍强烈推荐对婴儿持续母乳喂养,尽早恢复适龄饮食。有严重脱水、休克、精神状态改变或肠梗阻的患者应该接受静脉等渗液体。

对特殊病例,可以考虑止吐药之类的辅助治疗。盐酸昂丹司琼在年龄大于4岁的儿童中较为安全,且与呕吐缓解、住院率降低和静脉补液需求降低相关。一些研究强调益生菌在降低排便频率、疾病持续4天以上的风险,腹泻持续约1天中的作用。在资源限制地区,口服锌补充剂或将6个月至5岁儿童的急性腹泻持续时间降低10个小时;这种积极影响在营养不良和有缺锌风险的儿童中更深入。

讨论:

该指南是对2001年指南进行的基于问题的更新,在制订指南和证据基础方面与医学研究所的标准相符。新的推荐主要围绕旨在缓解症状的辅助管理。由于出版日期没有被纳入指南的一项随机临床试验发现,与使用其他电解液维护解决方案的儿童相比,使用稀释苹果汁溶液的肠炎儿童,治疗和预防脱水失败较少。

原始出处:

Michelle W. Parker, Ndidi Unaka. Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(8):775-776. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1172

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    2018-09-21 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有哦

    0

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    2018-09-21 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2018-09-21 海之蓝

    学习

    0

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