Science:脑肠轴再添力证,肠道菌群可直接与大脑对话,从而调控饮食和体温

2022-04-19 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

该研究揭示了下丘脑神经元可以直接感知肠道细菌活动的变化,并相应地调整食欲和体温。这些发现表明,肠道微生物群和大脑之间发生了直接对话,这一发现再次强调了脑肠轴的重要性。

人类和其他哺乳动物一样,身体被包括细菌、病毒和真菌在内的数万亿微生物占据,这些微生物被统称为共生菌群。从某种意义上来说,“人”是一个由人体和共生菌群的多元复合体。

人体肠道内寄生着大量微生物,这些肠道微生物群,影响着人类肥胖、肠炎、自身免疫疾病、对癌症治疗药物的反应,甚至影响人类寿命等等。越来越多的证据揭示了人类与这些肠道微生物群之间的相互依赖程度,也强调了脑肠轴的重要性。

2022年4月15日,法国巴斯德研究所的研究团队在 Science 期刊发表了题为:Bacterial sensing via neuronal Nod2 regulates appetite and body temperature 的研究论文。

该研究揭示了下丘脑神经元可以直接感知肠道细菌活动的变化,并相应地调整食欲和体温。这些发现表明,肠道微生物群和大脑之间发生了直接对话,这一发现再次强调了脑肠轴的重要性,并可能为脑部疾病及糖尿病、肥胖等代谢疾病带来新的治疗方法。

脑肠轴调控代谢:进食会导致肠道微生物群的扩增,这种扩增会增加肠道细菌胞壁肽(Muropeptides)的释放,当这些胞壁肽到大脑后,会靶向抑制性下丘脑 NOD2 受体并降低神经元活动,从而有助于调节饱腹感和体温。

大多数免疫细胞中都存在 NOD2 受体,该受体能够识别到胞壁肽(muropeptides)的存在,胞壁肽是细菌细胞壁的组成部分。之前的研究证实,编码 NOD2 受体的基因突变与消化系统疾病(例如克罗恩病),以及神经系统疾病和情绪障碍有关。但这些不足以证明大脑中的神经元活动与肠道中的细菌活动之间存在直接关系。

使用脑成像技术,科学家们最初观察到小鼠的 NOD2 受体由大脑不同区域的神经元表达,特别是在下丘脑区域。下丘脑是大脑皮层下调节内脏活动的高级中枢,它把内脏活动与其他生理活动联系起来,调节着体温、摄食、水平衡、血糖和生殖等活动等重要的生理功能。他们随后发现,当这些神经元与肠道中的细菌胞壁肽接触时,神经元的电活动会受到抑制。

肠道、血液和大脑中的胞壁肽被认为是细菌增殖的标志物。如果小鼠的 NOD2 受体被特异性敲除,这些神经元就不再被胞壁肽所抑制,大脑也就失去了对食物摄入和体温的控制,它们的体重更容易增加,也更易患上2型糖尿病,尤其是在老年、雌性小鼠中。

在这项研究中,研究团队证实了一个惊人的事实——神经元可以直接感知细菌胞壁肽,而此前普遍认为这是免疫细胞特有的工作。发现这些细菌胞壁肽可以直接作用于下丘脑这一具有重要意义的大脑中心是非常重要的成就,我们知道下丘脑负责管理体温、摄食、生殖活动等重要功能。因此,神经元可以直接感知细菌活动(增殖和死亡),作为食物摄入对肠道生态系统影响的直接衡量标准。过量摄入特定食物可能会刺激某些细菌或病原体的不成比例生长,从而危及肠道平衡。

总的来说,这项研究表明,下丘脑神经元可以直接感知肠道细菌的胞壁肽成分,从而调节摄食行为、筑巢行为,以及体温。通过这种方式,大脑可以使用肠道细菌作为食物摄入的间接衡量标准,或作为食物摄入引起的细菌扩增或死亡的直接衡量标准。而肠道细菌的扩增或死亡可能与肠道稳态变化或疾病风险有关。这也提示了肠道细菌可以调节驶入摄入来保护肠道稳态。

细菌胞壁肽对下丘脑神经元和新陈代谢的影响,引发了其对其他大脑功能中潜在作用的新的疑问,这可能有助于我们了解某些脑部疾病与 NOD2 基因突变之间的联系。

这些发现为神经科学、免疫学和微生物学的跨学科研究铺平了道路,并有望最终为脑部疾病和代谢紊乱(如糖尿病和肥胖)的新治疗方法铺平道路。

原始出处:

ILANA GABANYI, et al. Bacterial sensing via neuronal Nod2 regulates appetite and body temperature. SCIENCE, 15 Apr 2022, Vol 376, Issue 6590, DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3986.

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    2022-04-21 jichang
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    2022-04-21 xugumin
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    2022-04-20 张丽敏

    学习到了,肠道菌群移植粪便疗法值得推广。

    0

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    2022-04-20 ms2000000233454616

    值得推荐

    0

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    2022-04-19 1821ec7360m

    span本

    0

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    2022-04-19 萌宝嘟嘟

    好东西,谢谢分享

    0

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