Sci Transl Med:第三军医大学罗阳团队利用AI在30秒内鉴定血型

2017-03-17 王新凯 奇点网

奇点原创3月15日,《Science Translational Medicine》期刊以封面的形式全文刊登了第三军医大学罗阳团队的研究成果!在很多人看来,查血型,只是一件“15块钱和半个小时”的小事情。而对于需要紧急输血的患者来说,能否及时得到所需的血源,关系到生死。就算是医院有足够的血源库存,输血前还要先花10-20分钟去鉴定血型,就有点耽误事情了。而且一旦发生配对失误,则会导致患者的免疫系统

3月15日,《Science Translational Medicine》期刊以封面的形式全文刊登了第三军医大学罗阳团队的研究成果!

在很多人看来,查血型,只是一件“15块钱和半个小时”的小事情。而对于需要紧急输血的患者来说,能否及时得到所需的血源,关系到生死。就算是医院有足够的血源库存,输血前还要先花10-20分钟去鉴定血型,就有点耽误事情了。而且一旦发生配对失误,则会导致患者的免疫系统发生崩解,对于本来就在等待抢救的患者来说,简直是加速死亡的节奏。这还没有考虑血源紧张、条件简陋、稀有血型等不利情况。

为了解决在紧急情况下快速鉴定血型的问题,来自中国第三军医大学的罗阳团队,开发出一种既方便又便宜,而且准确率极高的血型测试试纸,可以做到在30秒内检测出ABO血型和Rh血型,在2分钟内实现仅用一滴血完成包括罕见血型在内的正向和反向同时定型。同时团队还设计出一套自动识别算法,能够根据试纸的颜色变化读出血型,不仅提高了效率,而且使测试准确率超过99.9%。

我们通常所说的血型,是指红细胞膜上特异性抗原类型。和临床关系最密切的就是大家最熟悉的红细胞ABO血型系统及Rh血型系统。ABO血型系统的一大特点,就是血型中带“A”的人,身体内基本不会有“抗A”抗体,但含有“抗B”抗体;血型中带“B”的人,身体内基本不会有“抗B”抗体,但会含有“抗A”抗体。所以AB型血,就是血清不含以上两种抗体,O型血,就是血清同时含“抗A”和“抗B”抗体。

后来Rh血型系统又被发现。凡是人体血液红细胞上有Rh凝集原者,为Rh阳性;反之为阴性。这样就使已发现的红细胞A、B、O及AB四种主要血型的人,又都分别一分为二地被划分为Rh阳性和阴性两种。根据有关资料介绍,Rh阳性血型在中国汉族及大多数民族人中约占99.7%。如果同时考虑ABO和Rh血型系统,在汉族人群中寻找AB型Rh(-)同型人的机会不到万分之三,十分罕见。作为人类中的“大熊猫”,如果平时知道自己是熊猫血,那么在遇到紧急情况,不仅能及时救助别人,也能为自己做好预警。

用患者的红细胞,与输血人的血清混合,如果出现凝集,那就说明输血人拥有患者红细胞表面抗原的抗体。如果患者的血型是已知的,那用这种方法就可以确定一个未知血源的是否存在A抗体或B抗体。这也就是传统的ABO正向定型;反之,用患者的血清,与输血人的红细胞混合,亦可得出相应结论,这就是传统的反向定型。而在输血前,为了严谨,都要做正反定型和交叉验血试验。研究团队设计的方法,其基础原理就是抗原-抗体反应和PH试纸颜色反应。首先,研究人员选用了一种特殊的纸质材料,用常见的Ph指示剂染料浸渍后,制成特殊形状的纸条。然后在每一张纸条的不同位置,固定不同的血清抗体。

当在纸条上滴加一滴血液时,随着血液在纸条上扩散并与抗体反应,就会产生不同的颜色方块。反之,在每一张纸条的不同位置,固定不同的抗原,在纸条上滴加血液时,随着血液在纸条上扩展并与抗原反应,也会产生不同的颜色方块。如果两张纸条同时进行,也就实现了正向和反向的同步测定。对于其他血型系统或稀有血型的鉴定,只需在纸条上增加固定不同的抗原和抗体方块就可以了。

ABO血型正向反向同步测定和Rh血型的测定(I和II代表正向血型观察窗; III和IV代表反向血液分组观察窗)

更重要的是,研究人员设计了一套机器学习的算法,便于迅速、准确地根据不同方块的颜色变化,读出相对于的血型。当然,在实际的开发过程中,还要考虑到筛选合适的基地纸张、试剂浓度、添加血液分离膜、固定抗原抗体、添加洗脱剂、设计光谱分析算法等。

运用机器学习并且自动识别的方法,消除了血型鉴定过程中环境因素和人员辨别敏感性主观判断的影响,不仅确保了血型鉴定的精确度,还也大大提高了工作效率,节省了人力物力。团队主要研究人员,第三军医大学西南医院纳米药物中心的张洪表示,该测定不仅为血型鉴定提供了新的策略,而且还可用于时间和资源有限的情况,例如战区、偏远地区和紧急情况。他们也将会继续完善和强化这种新型的血型鉴定设计,使其进一步发展成为高度浓缩和全自动的设备。凭借其高效性和经济性,大规模的生产也会成为可能。

原始出处:
Hong Zhang,Xiaopei Qiu1,Yurui Zou,et al.A dye-assisted paper-based point-of-care assay for fast and reliable blood grouping.Science Translational Medicine  15 Mar 2017:Vol. 9, Issue 381, eaaf9209 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9209

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    2017-03-18 天涯183

    非常好的研究

    0

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