阜外医院李建军等提出他汀不耐受新定义

2020-08-05 xujing 文韬 中国循环杂志

欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)官网曾称他汀有六大谣言。其中之一是:吃他汀不良反应大,得不偿失。

欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)官网曾称他汀有六大谣言。其中之一是:吃他汀不良反应大,得不偿失。

其实2018年,美国心脏协会发布了他汀安全性声明,指出他汀不良反应风险很低,其获益远大于风险。

他汀引起的肌肉损害和肝毒性最常见,但横纹肌溶解症的发生率不足千分之一,肝毒性风险约万分之一。

对于很多患者所说的肌痛,声明指出,中老年人肌肉酸痛原因会有很多,把账都算到他汀“头上”不合理。

他汀增加糖尿病风险也不足为虑,他汀仅与 0.2%的 2型糖尿病发生风险相关。

近日,阜外医院李建军等发表文章称,很多人对他汀不耐受有误解,导致其应用不足。

文章指出,把所有不良事件都看作他汀不耐受是不对的。但问题是,学术界仍然缺乏对他汀类药物不耐受的统一定义。

研究者参考学术组织已发表的相关的定义,进行整合后提出了一个更客观、严格的他汀类药物不耐受的评估标准。

在疑似他汀不耐受的情况下,医生分析以下四个因素,如果所有这些因素都得到满足,那么很可能是真正的他汀不耐受:

(1) 临床表现:有主观症状且血液检测异常。

(2) 患者不能耐受≥2种他汀,其中一种是使用最低剂量的他汀仍不耐受。

(3)不良事件发生在开始使用他汀或增加剂量后,停药后缓解,再用药后又出现。

(4)排除其他可能的原因,该事件与其他临床条件(例如伴随的治疗和药物相互作用)相关的可能性很低。

研究者强调,真正的他汀不耐受并不常见,应尽力排除假性不耐受,以确保他汀获益。

研究者提出他汀不耐受的处理方法(下图),并强调基于他汀类药物的治疗应优先于非他汀类药物。

如果他汀不耐受不能通过基于他汀类药物的方法解决,或者LDL-C的目标没有达到,可以采用替代性的降脂方案。

此外,文章指出,尽管他汀相关不良事件不断被报道,但其中许多不良事件的发生率相当低,较轻微,或与他汀类药物的使用有并没关系。

例如,肝功能的变化,主要表现为谷丙转氨酶轻度升高,通常不伴有肝功能损害;他汀治疗的肝功能变化与安慰剂组相比没有差异,因此,FDA不再要求对他汀类药物治疗的患者进行肝功能常规监测。

出血性卒中与他汀类药物之间的关系仍存在争议,其较低发病率(5年治疗1万例患者中有5-10例)也被缺血性卒中预防的益处所抵消。

另外,关于他汀类药物认知作用的研究结果也存在矛盾。而且,所有相关数据均来自观察研究,而非安慰剂对照试验。

对于新发糖尿病,估计在5年治疗的1万例患者中出现50-100例,尤其是有糖尿病风险的患者,这不是他汀不耐受。

在临床实践中,肌肉不良事件是他汀类药物使用者最常见的不良事件。研究发现,在随机对照试验中,他汀类药物的肌肉不良事件发生率与安慰剂相似,且与他汀类药物治疗存在虚假因果关系。

研究者估计,一般而言,每年每10万例患者中发生的肌肉不良事件病例数≤100-200例,其中肌酸激酶升高10例,横纹肌溶解症2~3例。

文章指出,他汀类药物相关的肌肉症状(SAMS)是一个被广泛用于描述他汀类药物治疗期间报告的肌肉症状的术语,然而它可能与他汀类药物没有因果关系。

目前对于肌痛、肌炎、肌病和横纹肌溶解症有不同的定义,其中混淆主要来自是否以及如何将肌酸激酶(CK)浓度纳入定义。

研究者建议在严重程度上依据肌酸激酶升高的程度定义肌肉不良事件的类别(下图)。肌痛是指肌肉疼痛或无力,肌酸激酶低于正常。横纹肌溶解症是最严重的肌肉不良事件,肌酸激酶升高超过40倍,是由肌纤维坏死引起,并伴有肾功能衰竭,需要药物治疗甚至住院治疗。

在亚洲,血脂异常及其相关心血管疾病的高发,促使亚洲人群越来越关注他汀类药物的有效性和安全性。在亚洲进行的多项临床试验证实了他汀类药物可普遍降低亚洲人心血管疾病风险。

然而亚洲患者与欧洲患者在他汀类药物的药代动力学上有所不同,这主要是由于CYP450基因变异所致。

亚洲人特有的药代动力学特征使人担心,其可能面临他汀类药物副作用的高风险。

文章指出,这种误解导致了亚洲人群中他汀类药物的使用不足,而在亚洲,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇达标现状仍不理想。

研究者回顾分析了2015年2月至2020年2月已发表的与他汀类药物不耐受相关的文献。2015年之前发表的重要大规模或里程碑式研究也被列为关键证据。

来源:Li JJ, Liu HH, Wu NQ, et al. Statin intolerance: an updated, narrative review mainly focusing on muscle adverse effects, Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2020.published online ahead of print.

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