Clin Infect Dis:拉沙热暴露后预防用药——口服利巴韦林

2014-12-31 MedSci MedSci原创

拉沙热是一种病毒性急性出血性疾病。该病毒在西非流行并且因可能成为生物恐怖工具而受到关注。该病毒可以在人群之间传播,健康者通过接触病人的血液及分泌物继而被感染。通常我们将口服抗病毒药利巴韦林作为暴露后预防的措施,但是没有系统的数据分析支持,也没有统一的准则。此外,相对而言拉沙热的二次发病率低,流行地区局限于非洲西部及高风险暴露频率低的原因,使得进行前瞻性对照药效试验的可能性不大。因此,暴露后使用利巴

拉沙热是一种病毒性急性出血性疾病。该病毒在西非流行并且因可能成为生物恐怖工具而受到关注。该病毒可以在人群之间传播,健康者通过接触病人的血液及分泌物继而被感染。通常我们将口服抗病毒药利巴韦林作为暴露后预防的措施,但是没有系统的数据分析支持,也没有统一的准则。此外,相对而言拉沙热的二次发病率低,流行地区局限于非洲西部及高风险暴露频率低的原因,使得进行前瞻性对照药效试验的可能性不大。因此,暴露后使用利巴韦林的建议仅仅是基于现存数据的分析及逻辑外推而来。

文献综述及热点问题:

是否将利巴韦林作为暴露后预防性用药是基于风险-效益分析的,疾病本身要考虑传播、发病率、潜伏期、病因和死亡率,以及病人健康状态、对药物的意愿等。

下表将对这些做一归纳:


 
拉沙热的传播方式及发病率:拉沙热的传播方式为直接接触感染者血液及分泌物,但只要做好适当的防护措施,该病在院内的罹患率较低。

潜伏期及发病机制:拉沙热的潜伏期为3~21天(平均10天),巨噬细胞和树突状细胞是病毒最先攻击的目标,随后到各类细胞和器官血行播种,炎性反应和血管活性介质是主要的损伤作用。

死亡率:主要来自于Josiah毒株或与其相近毒株,在塞拉利昂、几内亚的死亡率一般低于5%。

疗效:曾有16人与德国的一例输入性病例发生高危接触,并未按医生的处方服用利巴韦林。有一名接触者在暴露36小时后服用利巴韦林时出现IgG阳性而不是IgM。口服利巴韦林在拉沙热动物模型中是有效的,但只有静脉注射和肌肉注射给予的实验。体外实验显示,利巴韦林对拉沙热病毒的最小抑制浓度是4-40mmol/L。IC50或ED50为37umol/L至82umol/L。

不良反应:无论生物性的或心理因素造成的,经常口服利巴韦林会引起依从性下降。

利巴韦林用药指南

适应症:建议利巴韦林预防性用药应在高危暴露情况下使用,即符合以下任意一种情况,
 
1 被污染的尖锐器械刺伤而渗入皮肤(如污染的注射针头)

2 黏膜或破损皮肤接触到污染的血液及体液分泌物(如血液溅入眼睛或嘴)

3 参与急救过程(如心脏骤停、气管插管或吸痰)而未使用适当的个人防护用品

4 长时间(几小时)与感染者在封闭的空间而未佩戴个人防护用品(如医护人员护送患者)

药物剂量:

在少数情况下,我们提出利巴韦林的预防性用药为35mg/kg(最大剂量2.5g),随后15mg/kg(最大剂量1g),每天3次,用药10天。对于一个70kg的成人,这个剂量相当于2.4g,随后采用每次1g ,一天3次。

研究结论:

口服利巴韦林专门预防明确的高风险性暴露于拉沙热的情况下。这些指导可能也适合于对利巴韦林敏感的其他出血热病毒的暴露后预防。

原始出处

Bausch DG1, Hadi CM, Khan SH, Lertora JJ.Review of the literature and proposed guidelines for the use of oral ribavirin as postexposure prophylaxis for Lassa fever.Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;

本文是MedSci原创,转载请注明出处,非常感谢!

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (4)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011941, encodeId=2d98201194133, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Nov 13 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1997682, encodeId=f694199e682df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263056152ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拉沙热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56152, encryptionId=263056152ef, topicName=拉沙热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=zhangpaul93, createdTime=Mon Jun 15 10:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029155, encodeId=ddc3202915557, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc106020142' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴露后预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60201, encryptionId=cc106020142, topicName=暴露后预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360293, encodeId=eafa1360293d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61073229696' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#利巴韦林#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32296, encryptionId=61073229696, topicName=利巴韦林)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e4137, createdName=meichuangyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 02 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011941, encodeId=2d98201194133, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Nov 13 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1997682, encodeId=f694199e682df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263056152ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拉沙热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56152, encryptionId=263056152ef, topicName=拉沙热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=zhangpaul93, createdTime=Mon Jun 15 10:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029155, encodeId=ddc3202915557, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc106020142' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴露后预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60201, encryptionId=cc106020142, topicName=暴露后预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360293, encodeId=eafa1360293d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61073229696' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#利巴韦林#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32296, encryptionId=61073229696, topicName=利巴韦林)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e4137, createdName=meichuangyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 02 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011941, encodeId=2d98201194133, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Nov 13 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1997682, encodeId=f694199e682df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263056152ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拉沙热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56152, encryptionId=263056152ef, topicName=拉沙热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=zhangpaul93, createdTime=Mon Jun 15 10:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029155, encodeId=ddc3202915557, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc106020142' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴露后预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60201, encryptionId=cc106020142, topicName=暴露后预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360293, encodeId=eafa1360293d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61073229696' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#利巴韦林#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32296, encryptionId=61073229696, topicName=利巴韦林)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e4137, createdName=meichuangyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 02 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011941, encodeId=2d98201194133, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Fri Nov 13 11:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1997682, encodeId=f694199e682df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=263056152ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#拉沙热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56152, encryptionId=263056152ef, topicName=拉沙热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=zhangpaul93, createdTime=Mon Jun 15 10:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2029155, encodeId=ddc3202915557, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cc106020142' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴露后预防#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=60201, encryptionId=cc106020142, topicName=暴露后预防)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Thu Nov 05 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360293, encodeId=eafa1360293d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=61073229696' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#利巴韦林#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32296, encryptionId=61073229696, topicName=利巴韦林)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=08e4137, createdName=meichuangyi, createdTime=Fri Jan 02 04:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

相关资讯

Emerg Infect Dis:利巴韦林——拉沙热预防用药

研究背景: 拉沙热是一种急性病毒性出血热,在西非流行。静脉注射利巴韦林会显著减低拉沙热的死亡率。在疾病暴发时期,口服利巴韦林通常被作为暴露后预防用药,但尚无系统的数据支持这一说法。 研究方案: 我们在2004年塞拉利昂拉沙热暴发时进行了回顾性随访研究,探讨暴露后口服利巴韦林预防用药的依从性及不良反应。对暴发中,直接与拉沙热病人接触且未佩戴防护工具的医务人员及其家人,给予口服利巴韦林(20

Antiviral Res:拉沙热研究新机遇

与许多病毒性出血热不同,拉沙热不是只出现零星病例,或是会暴发形式的罕见病。尽管监测数据尚不能确定拉沙热真实发生率,但据统计每年有 300,000拉沙热感染者,其中5000人死亡。发病率最高的地方是马诺河联盟国家(Mano River Union, MRU),包括塞拉利昂、利比里亚和几内亚。 人类感染拉沙病毒主要是通过接触被感染的多乳鼠属啮齿类动物的排泄物,拉杀病毒可以通过感染的血液或身体分泌物直