Spine:腰椎爆裂性骨折后路减压经硬膜囊修复马尾神经损伤

2013-09-09 phdyhm 丁香园

脊椎的爆裂性骨折是椎体压缩骨折的一种特殊形式,约占脊椎骨折的20%。脊椎爆裂性骨折的发生与高能创伤有关,多见于车祸和坠落伤。该骨折由Holdworth于1963年首先提出,即轴向压力加上不同程度的屈曲和(或)旋转力作用于脊椎,以致最后载荷超过其抵抗压缩的能力时,则发生机械性破坏,椎骨呈放射状地爆裂,造成垂直高度的降低和轴径的增加。与此同时椎间盘的髓核可疝入椎体,导致椎体内压急骤升高而引起椎体自内向

脊椎的爆裂性骨折是椎体压缩骨折的一种特殊形式,约占脊椎骨折的20%。脊椎爆裂性骨折的发生与高能创伤有关,多见于车祸和坠落伤。该骨折由Holdworth于1963年首先提出,即轴向压力加上不同程度的屈曲和(或)旋转力作用于脊椎,以致最后载荷超过其抵抗压缩的能力时,则发生机械性破坏,椎骨呈放射状地爆裂,造成垂直高度的降低和轴径的增加。

与此同时椎间盘的髓核可疝入椎体,导致椎体内压急骤升高而引起椎体自内向外的骨折,即椎体粉碎骨折。脊椎爆裂性骨折最显著的特点是脊柱中柱受损,椎体后缘高度降低并向四周分散,两侧椎弓根距离增大,椎体后缘骨折片连同椎间盘组织膨出或突入椎管,常致硬膜囊受压,后纵韧带受损。

现在普遍的观点是,爆裂性骨折至少累及Denis三柱中的两个柱,并伴有移位和变形,尤其是在矢状面上的移位和变形,具有现实的和潜在的危险。脊椎爆裂性骨折虽可以发生于颈、胸、腰椎,但以胸腰段最常见,特别是胸腰结合部损伤占骨折的40%,仅L1的爆裂性骨折即占脊柱爆裂性骨折的半数以上。

脊椎爆裂性骨折使脊椎稳定性破坏较多,骨折块侵占椎管,压迫脊髓并继发椎管狭窄,因此其治疗的目标主要是脊髓及神经根的减压、脊椎稳定性的恢复、矫正畸形恢复生理曲度以及修复受损的硬膜囊与神经结构。传统的手术方式仅能实现前三个治疗目标,对于硬膜囊和神经结构的修复效果却不尽如人意。

为更好地解决这一问题,台湾学者蔡瑞昌(Jui-Chang Tsai)等报道了一种后方经硬膜囊入路,即在传统后路手术的基础上通过切开硬膜囊来修复马尾神经等神经结构,实现最后一个治疗目标。同时,为了进一步评价该手术方式的有效性和安全性,他们进行了一项回顾性描述性研究,该研究结果已在近期的Spine杂志上发表。【原文下载】

在该研究中,共有12例胸腰段脊柱爆裂性骨折患者接受了后路经硬膜囊减压手术的治疗,其中5例患者伴有马尾神经损伤。5例患者的人口统计学资料与随访信息详见表1。所有患者均在急性期进行手术。

表1.  患者的人口统计学与随访数据。


图1. A , 术前MRI显示L2爆裂骨折并伴有神经受压和轻微的成角畸形。 B , 术后MRI显示神经受压解除,并矫正了成角畸形。

手术的方法与步骤为:
首先通过脊柱正中切口暴露椎板;
如果椎板存在青枝骨折,则行椎板切除术;
探查以确定背侧的囊膜囊是否存在伤口和马尾神经纤维疝,若果有则松解马尾神经等嵌顿的神经元组件;
C臂引导下矫正脊柱畸形与恢复生理曲度后置入经椎弓根螺钉以固定;
纵向切开背侧的硬膜囊,可见骨碎片刺入硬膜囊内;
松解附着在马尾神经纤维上的蛛网膜后将马尾神经纤维轻轻地提起以暴露刺入硬膜囊的骨折碎片;
扩大腹侧的硬膜囊裂口,移除突入的椎间盘组织和骨碎片;
用6 - 0聚丙烯缝线缝合腹侧硬膜囊的缺损;
仔细检查马尾神经纤维的受损情况,在显微镜下根据其形态与进出口路径区分感觉神经根与运动神经根;
将受损的神经纤维断段进行裁剪(图3 A,B),然后使用纤维蛋白胶将两断段粘合(图3 C,D);
最后再缝合背侧硬脊膜的切口。


图2. 典型病例的术中图像。


3. 马尾神经纤维修复的图像。

研究结果显示,5例伴有马尾神经损伤的患者行后路经硬脊膜减压手术治疗临床疗效良好,均未出现手术并发症。手术时间为162至231分钟,平均为195.2分钟。除1例患者外,所有患者的运动功能缺失状况均得到了显著的改善,且所有患者的括约肌功能恢复良好。

该研究第一次报道了采用后路经硬膜囊减压手术治疗脊柱爆裂性骨折造成的马尾神经损失,采用这种新的手术方式最终实现了通过一次手术完成脊柱爆裂性骨折治疗的四大目标,具有里程碑式的意义。但由于该研究报道的病例数较少,随访时间较短,手术的安全性和有效性仍需要进一步的研究证实。

原文下载

Huang AP, Chen CM, Lai HS, Chou CC, Lu DC, Kuo LT, Chuang HY, Tsai JC.Posterior Transthecal Approach for Repair of Cauda Equina Fibers and Ventral Dural Laceration in Lumbar Burst Fracture.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013 Aug 15;38(18):E1156-E1161.

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