JNS:PLIF术后复发邻椎退变(Case report)

2014-06-25 hzh209 丁香园

后侧椎间融合(PLIF)经椎弓根内固定术是脊柱外科的常用术式,往往会获得良好的手术效果。然而,坚强固定同时也被认为是相邻节段退变退变(ASD)的危险因素之一。PLIF术后相邻节段退变是影响手术长期疗效的重要后遗症。虽然目前有较多关于邻椎退变发生率和危险因素的报道,但是目前为止并没有文献报道PLIF术后反复发作的ASD。 日本Osaka Rosai 医院骨科的 Shinya Okuda医生报道

后侧椎间融合(PLIF)经椎弓根内固定术是脊柱外科的常用术式,往往会获得良好的手术效果。然而,坚强固定同时也被认为是相邻节段退变退变(ASD)的危险因素之一。PLIF术后相邻节段退变是影响手术长期疗效的重要后遗症。虽然目前有较多关于邻椎退变发生率和危险因素的报道,但是目前为止并没有文献报道PLIF术后反复发作的ASD。

日本Osaka Rosai 医院骨科的 Shinya Okuda医生报道了一例反复发作相邻节段退变的病例,发表于最新一期的 J Neurosurg Spine 上。

患者为61岁老年女性,既往无基础疾病。因双下肢疼痛及间歇性跛行就诊,X片显示L4椎体滑脱(7mm,椎间后侧成角5°),脊髓造影显示L4-5重度狭窄,其他节段未见明显滑脱或狭窄(图1A)。

患者入院后接受PLIF(L4-5)手术治疗,术后症状缓解。术后4月L4-5达到骨融合。初次术后3年发现L3椎体滑脱,但是术后5年内无明显症状。初次手术后5年L3椎体滑脱加重,L3-4间隙可见明显狭窄(图1B)。

初次手术6年后,再次对患者实施PLIF(L3-4)手术,术后症状缓解。第二次术后9月,L2椎体发生滑脱,患者症状再次逐渐加重(图1C),第二次手术后1.5年,患者第三次接受PILF手术(L2-3)。术后症状得到缓解。


图1:A,B,C,D 分别为患者四次手术术前站立位腰椎侧位X线片

第三次术后1年,患者L1椎体塌陷(图1D)。患者并无骨关节炎及继发性骨质疏松病史。患者症状较轻时,采取相应的保守治疗并接受了心脏瓣膜手术。然而,随着L1椎体塌陷加重,患者腰背痛及下肢痛也逐渐加重。L1-2从第三次术后2°前凸变为37°后凸畸形,T7以下呈现出代偿性前凸。(图2A-C)


图2:A 患者第四次手术前站立位脊柱全长侧位X线片; B-C L1椎体轴位及矢状位CT影响 D-E 第四次手术术后站立位脊柱全长正侧位X线片

患者71岁时,接受第四次脊柱手术:L1椎体切除+钛笼植骨融合+T4-L5后侧经椎弓根固定术(图2D/E)。术后患者症状缓解。

患者每次术前测得的骶骨角及第四次手术之后测得的骶骨角分别为:36°、 33°、29°、 23°及34°。骨盆倾斜角分别为:15°、 21°、 26°、 30°及17°。腰椎前凸角度分别为45°、 18°、 11°、 7°及 33°。骶骨角椎间逐渐减小,相反,骨盆倾斜角椎间增大。

图3:四次手术术前以及第四次手术术后腰椎前凸、骶骨角、骨盆倾斜角的变化趋势

看到这个病例我们不禁要反思,手术给患者带来的是什么?ASD发生的危险因素有哪些?Park等(PMID:15534420)指出ASD的危险因素有:老年患者、骨质疏松、女性、后绝经期、存在椎间盘退变、器械固定、小关节突损伤、固定长度、矢状面排列。

作者在前期的观察中发现ASD常发生在融合节段头端的节段,融合节段相邻椎板倾斜角度大于130°同时小关节角度大于5°是ASD发生的危险因素;而且,Kaito及其同事(PMID: 20515354)指出融合节段椎间高度下降超过6mm也是PLIF术后ASD发生的危险因素。但是除了年龄及性别之外,该患者并没有以上危险因素。

第三次PLIF手术后1年,L1椎体发生塌陷。病理学检查没有发现感染、肿瘤。作者认为随着骶骨倾斜角度的减少,造成融合节段(L2-3)上方后凸性机械应力增加,从而造成L1椎体塌陷。鉴于此,作者提出骶骨倾斜角及腰椎前凸减小可能是PLIF术后发生ASD主要危险因素之一。

第一次PLIF术后10年,患者接受了最后一次脊柱手术。术者选择后侧入路的理由如下:1)取出内固定装置 2)延长融合节段 3)后凸矫形 4)患者有心脏手术史,应尽量减少创伤。作者认为固定至L5椎体把持力已经足够而且L5-S1未见明显狭窄及滑脱,所以选择从T4固定至L5。

当医生决定实施PLIF手术时,应该考虑怎样避免或者延迟ASD的发生?这篇个案提示我们,术者应在实施PLIF手术时应该尽量恢复椎间高度,维持正常的生理前凸,术后预防或治疗骨质疏松,并详细测量记录并对比患者手术前后的影像学参数。对医生而言,每一点付出都会回报在自己的病人身上。

原始出处:

Okuda S1, Oda T, Yamasaki R, Maeno T, Iwasaki M.Repeated adjacent-segment degeneration after posterior lumbar interbody fusion.J Neurosurg Spine. 2014 May;20(5):538-41. doi: 10.3171/2014.2.SPINE13800. Epub 2014 Mar 21.

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    2014-10-12 charl1234567
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    2014-06-27 yaanren

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