Nat Commun:小分子鸡尾酒疗法,有效抵抗多种致命蛇毒

2020-12-31 Bio生物世界 Bio生物世界

毒蛇咬伤是一种长期被忽视的热带疾病,在撒哈拉以南非洲、印度和东南亚、大洋洲和中美洲和南美洲的贫困农村社区,每年因毒蛇咬伤而死亡的人数相当于疟疾患者的四分之一,造成高死亡率(约13.8万/年)。

毒蛇咬伤是一种长期被忽视的热带疾病(NTD),在撒哈拉以南非洲、印度和东南亚、大洋洲和中美洲和南美洲的贫困农村社区,每年因毒蛇咬伤而死亡的人数相当于疟疾患者的四分之一,造成高死亡率(约13.8万/年)和高发病率(约40万/年),但全球卫生组织忽视了这类热带疾病,导致在毒蛇咬伤管理、新疗法的开发方面投资很少。

2017年,世界卫生组织将毒蛇咬伤重新列为重点疾病,之后,发表了一份全球规划图,概述了到2030年将因毒蛇咬伤导致的死亡和残疾减半的目标。

近日,英国利物浦热带医学院 Nicholas R. Casewell 团队在 Nature Communications 杂志在线发表了题为:A therapeutic combination of two small molecule toxin inhibitors provides broad preclinical efficacy against viper snakebite 的研究论文。

研究团队证明了一些经过2期临床试验的小分子药物,能够在体外广泛中和不同毒蛇毒液。此外,他们利用小鼠活体中毒模型,发现联合使用两种小分子毒素抑制剂,能够防止多种毒蛇毒素造成的小鼠死亡,表明这种毒素抑制剂联用的鸡尾酒疗法,有望成为治疗毒蛇咬伤的广谱疗法。

毒蛇是毒液的主要来源,蛇毒是许多蛋白质和多肽的复杂混合物,但毒液成分的强大种间变异决定了在世界不同地区使用不同的抗蛇毒血清治疗,导致了在临床和经济上的毒蛇咬伤管理的挑战。目前抗蛇毒血清的治疗方法,包括多克隆免疫球蛋白。由于产生的免疫球蛋白对生产中使用的毒液中的毒素具有特异性,通常抗蛇毒血清对不同种类的蛇毒效果有限。 

目前抗蛇毒血清的限制有:(1)剂量效果差;(2)大剂量外源免疫球蛋白所致不良反应发生率高;(3)医疗机构静脉注射;(4)依赖冷链运输和储存。

据估计,75%的毒蛇咬伤死亡发生在医院以外的地方。总之,这些局限性确立了一个紧迫和迫切的需求,开发出有效的、可负担的药物,院前治疗是降低毒蛇咬伤死亡率和发病率的有效手段。

全身毒蛇毒液的治疗需要中和许多种类的血液毒素,这些毒素在医学上具有重要意义的蛇类中存在不同分类,典型的包括Zn2+依赖性的蛇毒金属蛋白酶、磷脂酶A2和蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶。

总的来说,这三个酶系通常包含了毒蛇毒液蛋白中发现的60%的毒素,并结合在一起,主要作用是:(1)局部组织的破坏,往往导致坏死;(2)基底膜和细胞膜的退化导致溢出;(3)凝血因子的激活和分解导致凝血病的发生,后两种效应往往最终导致危及生命的系统性出血。

小分子毒素抑制剂作为以免疫球蛋白为基础的毒蛇咬伤治疗的潜在替代品受到了部分的关注,尽管最近结果表明,一些经二期临床试验的药物可能具有治疗前景。

其中最引人注目的可能是pla2抑制剂Varespladib,它已被广泛用于毒蛇咬伤的治疗。然而,Varespladib和DMPS都有希望作为口服治疗毒蛇咬伤的入院前疗法,两种药物的功效仍可能受到限制,因为每一种毒液都只针对医学上重要的蛇毒中的一种主要毒素。

为了解决这一局限性,他们探索了小分子毒素抑制剂的联合使用作为新的“广谱”毒蛇咬伤疗法的潜力。他们在新生小鼠模型中,svmp抑制剂Marimastat联合pla2抑制剂Varespladib,可提供体内保护。

他们的研究结果表明,联合使用小分子毒素抑制剂是未来开发治疗毒蛇咬的入院前前疗法的有前途的药物。

研究主要结论:
1. 毒液SVMP活性可通过拟肽抑制剂和金属螯合剂来中和;
2. 促凝毒液活性可被拟肽抑制剂和金属螯合剂拮抗;
3. 联合抑制剂抑制不同的促凝血和抗凝血毒液毒素;
4. 蛇毒SVSP活性可被丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂nafamostat减弱;
5. 小分子毒素抑制剂作为单独治疗和联合治疗的临床前疗效;
6. 混合抑制剂可以防止各种毒蛇毒液造成的致命伤害;
7. 在毒蛇咬伤后给予marimastat和varespladib联合用药治疗可广泛预防毒液致死;

尽管仍存在很多挑战,但是这项研究证明了两种已进行二期临床试验的药物,Marimastat和Varespladib的联合使用,能够广谱治疗多种毒蛇咬伤,防止蛇毒致死。

研究团队表示,这项研究还需要进一步临床试验验证,如果这种联合用药疗法能够广泛作为毒蛇咬伤患者的入院前治疗,将大大减少世界上最致命而又被忽视的毒蛇咬伤致死的发生。

原始出处:

Laura-Oana Albulescu, Chunfang Xie, Stuart Ainsworth,et al.A therapeutic combination of two small molecule toxin inhibitors provides broad preclinical efficacy against viper snakebite. Nat Commun . 2020 Dec 15;11(1):6094. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19981-6.

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    2021-04-09 liuli5079
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    2021-10-23 liye789132251
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    2021-03-11 宋威
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    2021-01-02 qblt
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    2021-01-01 lovetcm

    #中药#治疗#蛇毒#可能也是鸡尾酒疗法!七叶一枝花等药物原理相似

    0

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    2020-12-31 水-晶

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