孕产妇,哪些抗生素不能用?

2016-03-07 伊文 医学论坛网

在临床上,我们经常遇到孕产妇的感染性疾病,需要使用抗生素。很多年轻临床大夫这时候心里就没谱,不知道哪些抗感染药物能用,哪些不能用。所以本文就谈谈这个问题,希望对大家有所帮助。要了解这部分内容,就必须要熟悉FDA关于孕产妇用药的分级标准。FDA关于药物在孕期的分级标准美国食品和药物管理局根据药物对胎儿的致畸情况,将药物对胎儿的危害等级分为A、B、C、D、X 5个级别:A类:在人类有对照组的研究中,证

在临床上,我们经常遇到孕产妇的感染性疾病,需要使用抗生素。很多年轻临床大夫这时候心里就没谱,不知道哪些抗感染药物能用,哪些不能用。所以本文就谈谈这个问题,希望对大家有所帮助。要了解这部分内容,就必须要熟悉FDA关于孕产妇用药的分级标准。

FDA关于药物在孕期的分级标准

美国食品和药物管理局根据药物对胎儿的致畸情况,将药物对胎儿的危害等级分为A、B、C、D、X 5个级别:

A类:在人类有对照组的研究中,证明对胎儿无危害。包括多种维生素,孕期维生素制剂,但不包括大剂量维生素制剂。

B类:动物实验中证明对胎仔无危害,但尚无在人类的研究;或动物实验证明有不良作用,但在人类有良好对照组的研究中未发现此作用。

C类:尚无很好的动物试验或人类的研究,或者动物实验对胎儿有不良作用,但在人类尚缺乏可利用的资料。很多在妊娠期常用的药物属于此类。

D类:已有证据证明对胎儿有危害,但在孕期应权衡利弊,在利大于弊时,仍可使用。如苯妥英纳、卡马西平等。

X类:已证明对胎儿的危险明显大于任何益处。例如:治疗痤疮的异维甲酸,可致胎儿中枢神经系统、面部及心血管的多种畸形。

1、抗生素类药物:

①青霉素类:为B类药,毒性小,是对孕妇最安全的抗感染药物,包括广谱青霉素如氨苄西林、哌拉西林、美洛西林等其它β-内酰胺制剂。

②头孢菌素类:B类药。此类药可通过胎盘,但目前无此类药致畸的报道,在孕期血浆半衰期较非孕期短。孕期可用。

③氨基糖甙类:属D类或C类药。此类药物易通过胎盘,脐血药物浓度明显升高,对孕妇及胎儿有一定危害,孕期禁用或慎用。

④大环内脂类:多为B类,因分子量较大,不易通过胎盘。可用于青霉素过敏者和衣原体、支原体感染者。

⑤四环素类:多为D类,包括四环素(D)、土霉素(D)、强力霉素(D)、美满霉素(D)等。

此类药容易通过胎盘和进入乳汁,为致畸药。四环素荧光物质可沉积于牙釉质及胎儿骨骼,影响胎儿牙釉质及体格发育,导致胎儿宫内发育迟缓。当孕妇肾功能不全时,可致孕妇急性脂肪肝,孕期禁用。此类药物在乳汁中浓度较高,哺乳期需权衡利弊使用或暂停哺乳。

⑥氯霉素:可通过胎盘并进入乳汁,对骨髓有抑制作用,用于早产儿可引起“灰婴综合征”。孕期和哺乳期禁用。

⑦喹诺酮类:多为C类药,包括吡哌酸、氟哌酸、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星等等。此类药物作用机制为抑制细菌DNA螺旋酶,此类药物对骨和软骨有很强的亲和力,可引起动物不可逆的关节病,或影响胎儿软骨发育,孕期禁用。

⑧磺胺类:多为C类,本类药物易通过胎盘,动物实验有致畸作用,但人类无报道。孕晚期应用可使新生儿血小板减少、溶血性贫血。同时还可竞争性抑制胆红素与白蛋白的结合,引起新生儿高胆红素血症。孕期慎用,分娩前禁用。

⑨洁霉素类:包括洁霉素、克林霉素等,为B类药。可通过胎盘并进入乳汁,无对胚胎不良影响的纪录,相对安全。

⑩甲硝唑:现在为B类,过去分类为C类。有报道1700例早孕妇女应用后并未增加畸胎率,近来FDA已将其列为B类药。

美国疾病预防控制中心已推荐其用于孕期阴道滴虫病的治疗。但替硝唑为C类药,孕期慎用。

奥硝唑:动物实验无致畸性,但在妊娠妇女中无对照研究,慎用

2、 抗病毒类药物:

①病毒唑:即三氮唑核苷,为X类药,

动物实验发现几乎所有种类的受试动物应用本品后,都出现致畸和杀胚胎作用,孕期禁用。本品在体内消除很慢,停药四周尚不能自体内完全清除。

②无环鸟苷:即阿昔洛伟,为B类药。本品可抑制DNA的合成,用于疱疹病毒感染。有报道:581例孕期使用此药者,畸形发生率未增加。

万乃洛伟:B级;

更昔洛伟:C类

③ 干扰素:孕期最好不用

④拉米夫定、齐多夫定:为C级,可用于孕期AIDS的治疗。

3、抗结核药:

①异烟肼:为C类药。

此药脂溶性高,分子量低、几乎不与血浆蛋白结合,故容易通过胎盘,脐血中浓度高于母血。

但对4900名使用异烟肼的孕妇回顾性资料分析显示其胎儿畸形率并未增加,目前认为妊娠合并结核者可用。

②利福平:C类药。

动物实验发现,对怀孕的大鼠及小鼠应用RFP,胎仔可出现脊柱裂和腭裂。但有报道在204例孕期使用利福平的患者,其新生儿畸形率并未增加。属孕期慎用。但乳汁中药物浓度低,哺乳期可用。

③乙胺丁醇:B类药。目前认为本品对人类无致畸作用,孕期患结核时首选。

4、抗真菌药

制霉菌素和克霉唑,均为B类药,孕期可用;

咪康唑、氟康唑为C类药;

二性霉素B用于治疗全身性霉菌感染,未见增加先天畸形的报道。

依曲康唑(C)缺乏在人类早期妊娠的研究,孕期慎用。

大剂量氟康唑可致动物胎儿畸形,但无人类孕期致畸的报道。

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    2016-04-16 1dea6088m20(暂无匿称)

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    2016-03-30 鲜嫩如花的小春

    果断收藏

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    2016-03-30 ssummer

    必须收藏!

    0

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    2016-03-09 1de73ecbm72(暂无匿称)

    涨知识

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78732, encodeId=589de8732d5, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e8231711773, createdName=1dea6088m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74922, encodeId=bf50e49229d, content=果断收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=53281706489, createdName=鲜嫩如花的小春, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 20:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74637, encodeId=c5d7e4637d8, content=必须收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 09:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68231, encodeId=36476823193, content=涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b981697874, createdName=1de73ecbm72(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68233, encodeId=452d6823326, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68234, encodeId=2dc96823461, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68144, encodeId=8a3a6814425, content=头孢类可用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b08d1688793, createdName=1de5193fm68(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Mar 08 14:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68049, encodeId=bbe968049c9, content=###;;……………$#$……$;……,,@.,÷-, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c27896859, createdName=qht521531, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 19:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-09 飞翔的笨鸟

    受益匪浅

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78732, encodeId=589de8732d5, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e8231711773, createdName=1dea6088m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74922, encodeId=bf50e49229d, content=果断收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=53281706489, createdName=鲜嫩如花的小春, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 20:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74637, encodeId=c5d7e4637d8, content=必须收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 09:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68231, encodeId=36476823193, content=涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b981697874, createdName=1de73ecbm72(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68233, encodeId=452d6823326, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68234, encodeId=2dc96823461, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68144, encodeId=8a3a6814425, content=头孢类可用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b08d1688793, createdName=1de5193fm68(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Mar 08 14:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68049, encodeId=bbe968049c9, content=###;;……………$#$……$;……,,@.,÷-, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c27896859, createdName=qht521531, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 19:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-09 飞翔的笨鸟

    受益匪浅

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78732, encodeId=589de8732d5, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e8231711773, createdName=1dea6088m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74922, encodeId=bf50e49229d, content=果断收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=53281706489, createdName=鲜嫩如花的小春, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 20:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74637, encodeId=c5d7e4637d8, content=必须收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 09:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68231, encodeId=36476823193, content=涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b981697874, createdName=1de73ecbm72(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68233, encodeId=452d6823326, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68234, encodeId=2dc96823461, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68144, encodeId=8a3a6814425, content=头孢类可用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b08d1688793, createdName=1de5193fm68(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Mar 08 14:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68049, encodeId=bbe968049c9, content=###;;……………$#$……$;……,,@.,÷-, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c27896859, createdName=qht521531, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 19:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-08 1de5193fm68(暂无匿称)

    头孢类可用

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78732, encodeId=589de8732d5, content=值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=131, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e8231711773, createdName=1dea6088m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74922, encodeId=bf50e49229d, content=果断收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=53281706489, createdName=鲜嫩如花的小春, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 20:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74637, encodeId=c5d7e4637d8, content=必须收藏!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLRP2D8sTDxkrGNjMqwyLUGd9Wbt6L0Yw9goia4ibPGLEx48lF9kvw86FKicbdWemTqujrf6K5WPIic8g/132, createdBy=69a11636814, createdName=ssummer, createdTime=Wed Mar 30 09:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68231, encodeId=36476823193, content=涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b981697874, createdName=1de73ecbm72(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68233, encodeId=452d6823326, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68234, encodeId=2dc96823461, content=受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160308/IMG56DE93B7875555536.jpg, createdBy=810e1697693, createdName=飞翔的笨鸟, createdTime=Wed Mar 09 00:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68144, encodeId=8a3a6814425, content=头孢类可用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b08d1688793, createdName=1de5193fm68(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Mar 08 14:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=68049, encodeId=bbe968049c9, content=###;;……………$#$……$;……,,@.,÷-, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c27896859, createdName=qht521531, createdTime=Mon Mar 07 19:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-03-07 qht521531

    ###;;……………$#$……$;……,,@.,÷-

    0

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