Science:揭示SAA蛋白向肠道髓样细胞提供视黄醇以促进肠道适应性免疫机制

2021-12-27 细胞 细胞

这些研究结果确定了一种肠道髓样细胞获得视黄醇的机制,并表明这种机制能促进维生素A依赖性的肠道适应性免疫。

作为一种脂溶性营养物,维生素A(vitamin A)被肠道上皮细胞从饮食中吸收并被转化为视黄醇(retinol)。维生素A代谢的这一产物对肠道适应性免疫至关重要,因为它指导B细胞和T细胞的发育,并促进它们被招募到肠道中。因此,维生素A的缺乏导致对肠道感染性疾病的易感性增加。

 

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肠道髓样细胞在维生素A依赖性肠道免疫的产生中起着核心作用。某些髓样细胞将视黄醇转化为视黄酸(retinoic acid),然后将视黄酸传递给发育中的B和T细胞。这激活了视黄酸依赖性的基因表达程序,引导B细胞和T细胞进入肠道并诱导B细胞产生免疫球蛋白A(IgA)。

一个主要的未解之谜是肠道髓样细胞如何获得视黄醇以便使之转化为视黄酸。视黄醇是亲脂性的,需要通过视黄醇结合蛋白来运输,使其免受水环境的影响。然而,将视黄醇运送到髓样细胞的蛋白质仍未被确认。血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A, SAA)是在肠上皮细胞中表达的视黄醇结合蛋白。上皮细胞表达SAA需要肠道微生物群和膳食维生素A在全身性细菌感染后,SAA也由肝脏产生,并与视黄醇结合在血清中循环。因此,SAA是视黄醇结合蛋白,在应对微生物挑战时运输视黄醇。然而,SAA-视黄醇复合物的细胞靶标尚不清楚。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国德克萨斯大学西南研究中心的研究人员鉴定出SAA-视黄醇复合物的一个受体,它介导视黄醇摄取到肠道髓样细胞。此外,他们还确定了这种视黄醇摄取机制是如何影响维生素A依赖性免疫的。相关研究结果发表在2021年9月17日的Science期刊上,论文标题为“Serum amyloid A delivers retinol to intestinal myeloid cells to promote adaptive immunity”。

 

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利用包括化学交联和质谱分析在内的生化方法,这些作者确定了低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体相关蛋白1(LRP1)是SAA的细胞表面受体,它能够高亲和力结合SAA-视黄醇复合物。他们发现了LRP1介导细胞表面结合和SAA-视黄醇复合物在体外培养的细胞中的内吞作用。在肠道中,LRP1表达水平最高的是CD11c+髓样细胞,它们有效地结合SAA-视黄醇复合物,从而将视黄醇内化。SAA及其LRP1受体的生理作用是通过两种小鼠模型,整个Saa基因座缺失的Saa-/-小鼠和髓样细胞特异性缺失Lrp1基因的Lrp1ΔCd11c小鼠在体内确定的。

对这些小鼠的研究显示,SAA及其LRP1受体促进了体内肠道髓样细胞对视黄醇的吸收,并促进了将视黄醇转化为视黄酸的酶的表达。因此,SAA和髓样细胞表达的LRP1是维生素A依赖性适应性免疫产生所必需的,包括B和T细胞归巢到肠道和IgA产生。最后,他们发现在免疫后,SAA和LRP1促进了对肠道感染的免疫力。

 

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SAA蛋白通过LRP1将视黄醇输送到肠髓细胞,促进适应性免疫。图片来自Science, 2021, doi:10.1126/science.abf9232。

综上所述,这些作者确定了SAA是视黄醇结合蛋白,将视黄醇输送到产生视黄酸的肠道髓样细胞。SAA-视黄醇复合物与肠道髓样细胞表面的LRP1结合并被内吞,为视黄酸的酶促产生提供视黄醇。因此,SAA和LRP1促进了肠道中维生素A依赖性适应性免疫的产生,增强了免疫后对肠道感染的抵抗力。

这些研究结果确定了一种肠道髓样细胞获得视黄醇的机制,并表明这种机制能促进维生素A依赖性的肠道适应性免疫。鉴于肠道上皮细胞表达SAA需要肠道微生物群,这些作者的发现表明,肠道微生物群部分上通过调节上皮细胞表达SAA来促进适应性免疫的产生。这些发现还表明,SAA可以将视黄醇输送到驻留在其他组织中的髓样细胞。通过阐明维生素A如何被调动到肠道免疫系统,这些研究结果可能提供更多的方法来增强对感染的抵抗力和提高依赖于充足的膳食维生素A的粘膜疫苗的效力。

参考资料:
Ye-Ji Bang et al. 
Serum amyloid A delivers retinol to intestinal myeloid cells to promote adaptive immunity. Science, 2021, doi:10.1126/science.abf9232.

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    2021-12-29 jichang
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    2021-12-28 查查佳佳

    生殖器传统上被认为是心理上高影响但难以治疗的银屑病领

    0

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