STM:大脑内Glymphatic系统有助治疗阿尔茨海默病

2012-08-17 刘卓 生物通

       最新发表于Science旗下医学刊物《转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志的一项研究表明,科学家发现了一个大脑快速清除废弃物的新渠道,这可能为阿尔茨海默病的治疗——清除β淀粉样蛋白铺平了道路。         研究发现的大脑新排污系统具有高度组织性

       最新发表于Science旗下医学刊物《转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志的一项研究表明,科学家发现了一个大脑快速清除废弃物的新渠道,这可能为阿尔茨海默病的治疗——清除β淀粉样蛋白铺平了道路。 

       研究发现的大脑新排污系统具有高度组织性,就像大脑血管上附着的一系列排污管,专门负责在大脑中清除废弃物,这与机体其他部位淋巴系统的作用相似。研究人员将他们发现的新排污系统称为“glymphatic系统”,因为该系统的功能与淋巴系统相似,而且是由大脑神经胶质细胞形成的。研究团队是在小鼠大脑中发现这一系统的,而小鼠大脑与人类大脑非常相似。

 
       人们已经知道脑脊液CSF具有重要作用,能够在扩散过程中清除脑组织、带走废弃物并为大脑组织输入营养。而新发现的系统使脑脊液在大脑所有角落都更有效地循环。

       此前的系统是脑脊液的涓涓细流在大脑组织中渗透,而新排污系统是一个压力系统,有力推动大量脑脊液将大脑中的废弃物洗去。 Glymphatic系统就像包围着大脑血管的一层泵。研究人员发现星形胶质细胞通过足突形成了围绕在大脑动脉和静脉外的管道网,就像树木繁茂的道路上空由枝叶组成的华盖。

       这些星形胶质细胞的足突中充满了水通道蛋白,就是这些蛋白促成了脑脊液在大脑中的额流动。研究显示,脑脊液从围绕动脉的管道泵入大脑,对大脑组织进行全面清洗,随后从围绕静脉的管道排出。

       科学家称这一系统只有位于活体大脑中且结构完整才能起作用,而以前的科学家无法在活体内直接观察脑脊液流动,并且往往研究的是已死的大脑组织切片。为了在完整的活体大脑中进行研究,研究团队采用了双光子显微镜,这种技术能使科学家在活体动物中观察血流、脑脊液以及其他大脑物质。 

       研究者称,“这是一个是个液压系统,一旦你打开它,就破坏了系统,也就不能进行研究。幸运的是,我们借助新科技观察到了完整系统的作用过程。 

       文章第一作者Jeffrey Iliff博士深入分析了阿尔茨海默症患者大脑中累积的蛋白β-淀粉样蛋白。他发现正常小鼠的大脑中超过一半的淀粉样蛋白是通过glymphatic系统清除的。“了解大脑处理垃圾的机制非常关键。在每个器官中,垃圾清理是与营养运输一样基础的重要事件。在大脑中这更是个吸引人的课题,因为基本上在所有的神经退行性疾病(包括阿尔茨海默症)中,蛋白垃圾会发生累积,最终阻碍并杀死大脑神经网络,”Iliff说。

       “无论是由于正常衰老亦或是大脑损伤导致的结果,一旦glymphatic系统的清洁功能出现故障,废弃物就会在大脑中积累。阿尔茨海默症中的淀粉样蛋白沉积可能就是这样发生的,”Iliff说。“增强glymphatic系统的活性也许能有助于抑制淀粉样蛋白的沉积,或者为清除阿尔茨海默症中的累积物质提供一条新途径,”他补充道。
 

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    2012-11-22 gdsun
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