盘点:9月Science杂志精选文章一览

2016-09-29 MedSci MedSci原创

【1】Science:大脑中记忆构建块被发现法国艾克斯马赛大学的一组研究人员观察到小鼠大脑中存在记忆构建块。他们的论文发表在《科学》杂志上,研究人员描述了他们如何引起某些神经元变得兴奋。想要弄清楚哪种大脑细胞参与形成记忆是一项艰巨的任务,尽管研究人员通过研究表明,海马体是大脑的主要部分,主要用于处理信息,但直到现在人们还没有真正看到神经元水平的记忆形成机制。在这项新的工作中,研究人员认为通过激


【1】Science:大脑中记忆构建块被发现

法国艾克斯马赛大学的一组研究人员观察到小鼠大脑中存在记忆构建块。他们的论文发表在《科学》杂志上,研究人员描述了他们如何引起某些神经元变得兴奋。

想要弄清楚哪种大脑细胞参与形成记忆是一项艰巨的任务,尽管研究人员通过研究表明,海马体是大脑的主要部分,主要用于处理信息,但直到现在人们还没有真正看到神经元水平的记忆形成机制。在这项新的工作中,研究人员认为通过激活小鼠海马体的神经元可以观察到神经元序列的展开。

更具体地说,当神经元暴露在大量的钙离子指示剂时就会发出荧光,表明神经元已被激活。当小鼠在跑步机上活动时,研究人员能够监控多达1000个神经元的活性。以前的研究也发现,小鼠的大脑细胞会追踪小鼠活动的距离,在这种情况下,当小鼠在跑步机上活动时,它的一组神经序列就会像预测的那样被激活了。这就揭示了研究人员认为的记忆的形成。此外,研究者在小鼠休息后继续监视了同组细胞,发现相同序列的细胞被激活,好像小鼠大脑中的细胞活性被重新激活了。如果小鼠大脑在一段时间内处理这一大块数据,那么相比在最初的观察中神经序列的活动会更兴奋。

研究小组对有关记忆的工作有着一个非常明确的研究进展,但必须要做更多的工作才能证明我们观察到的是真正的记忆形成和记忆重复。(文章详见--Science:大脑中记忆构建块被发现

【2】著名学者庄小威连发Science、PNAS

在单个细胞中了解转录组的表达谱和空间景观,是全面认识细胞行为的基础。去年4月,著名学者庄小威(Xiaowei Zhuang)领导研究团队在《Science》杂志上发表了一项突破性的单分子成像技术,MERFISH(multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization)。该技术可以在单细胞水平上实现空间分辨的高度多重化RNA分析,打破了目前的技术限制。

近期,该研究团队对MERFISH技术进行了改进,将测量吞吐量提高了两个数量级,并能在一次单一的18小时测量中,进行了大约4000个人类细胞的基因表达谱分析。这一研究成果发布在9月13日的《PNAS》杂志上。

这篇论文的通讯作者、哈佛大学著名华人女科学家庄小威,早年毕业于中国科技大学少年班,34岁时成为了哈佛大学的化学和物理双学科正教授,是哈佛物理系和化学系少有的双科教授。2012年庄教授当选为美国国家科学院院士,刷新了美国科学院最年轻华人院士的纪录。她所研发的超高分辨率技术STORM与诺奖得主Eric Betzig的成果不相伯仲,却和2014年的诺贝尔化学擦肩而过。

在这项新研究中,作者指出,基于图像的单细胞转录组学方法——其通过成像来实地确定和计量RNA,已成为基于分离细胞RNA测序的单细胞方法的一个有力补充。这些以图像为基础的方法,可自然而然地保护一个细胞内的RNAs空间布局,以及组织内的细胞构架,这对于许多生物学问题的解决来说,是非常重要的。然而,这些基于图像的方法其吞吐量相对较低。(文章详见--著名学者庄小威连发Science、PNAS

【3】Science新闻:悲伤的电影让我们更想与人亲近,或许还止痛

最新一篇研究揭示,它们能够增强我们对身体疼痛的忍耐力,提升我们与人交流的欲望,这有助于巩固我们的社交关系。相关研究成果发表于《Royal Society Open Science》期刊。

这一最新发现有望用于解释“人们看完电影后因为共鸣而更愿意与人交流”的原因。事实上,约1/3的人观看这一电影后并没有增加他们的社交欲望,也不会影响他们对疼痛的忍耐力。考虑到每个人的经历、喜好、品味不同,所以这种差异很正常。(文章详见--Science新闻:悲伤的电影让我们更想与人亲近,或许还止痛

【4】Science:肠道病原体能利用人体修复机制让我们病倒

为什么一些食源性细菌会使我们生病?一篇9月16日发表在Science杂志上的一篇论文发现,肠道中的病原体引起损害,是因为它们能从原本用来修复细菌起初对肠道损害的免疫系统反应中获益。

加州大学戴维斯分校的通讯作者Andreas Bäumler教授说:“这个发现很重要,因为它解释了一些肠道病原菌可以利用哺乳动物细胞获得它们呼吸需要的氧气。这项发现还为针对肠道菌群的代谢,以防止有害细菌在肠道中扩张的新发展战略提供了展望。抗生素的滥用会加剧这种状况。”(文章详见--Science:肠道病原体能利用人体修复机制让我们病倒

【5】Science:重磅!肠道病原菌依赖机体修复组织的免疫反应茁壮成长

为何一些食源性细菌让我们生病?在一项新的研究中,来自美国加州大学戴维斯分校和德州大学西南医学中心的研究人员发现肠道中的病原菌导致伤害的原因在于这些细菌受益于旨在修复它们起初导致的肠道内壁损伤的免疫系统反应。相关研究结果发表在2016年9月16日那期Science期刊上,论文标题为“Virulence factors enhance Citrobacter rodentium expansion through aerobic respiration”。

论文通信作者、加州大学戴维斯分校医学院医学微生物学与免疫学教授Andreas Bäumler说,“这一发现是非常重要的,这是因为它解释了一些肠道病原菌能够操纵哺乳动物细胞来获得它们需要吸入的氧气。它也为开发靶向肠道内壁代谢的策略来阻止有害细菌在肠道中增殖提供新的认识,其中滥用抗生素会恶化有害细菌在肠道中增殖。”

健康的大肠通常缺乏氧气,而且生活在那里的有益细菌在这种无氧环境中茁壮成长。相反,诸如人体内的大肠杆菌和小鼠体内的柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter rodentium)之类的肠道病原菌需要氧气才能存活。(文章详见--Science:重磅!肠道病原菌依赖机体修复组织的免疫反应茁壮成长

【6】Science:2030年,或将改变生活的5项人工智能技术

人工智能(AI)是计算机学科的分支,通过模拟情景、人的意识和思维独立完成具体指令。AI涉及的领域包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、专家系统等等,它已经逐渐融入现代生活,并为其添姿增彩,最典型的例子包括苹果的Siri(智能语音助手)等手机个性化功能。

一份来自于斯坦福大学的研究报告概述了人工智能的发展趋势,畅想了2030年人工只能将如何融合并影响我们的生活,并为我们如何最好管理和确保AI的优势提出了建议。Science从报告中摘取了2030年将成为我们生活一部分的5项人工智能技术。(文章详见--Science:2030年,或将改变生活的5项人工智能技术

【7】Science:抑制大脑过度兴奋的蛋白又找出百余种

美国杜克大学研究人员在最新出版的《科学》杂志上发表论文称,大脑抑制性突触比兴奋性突触简单的论断是错误的。他们利用一种新型生物识别技术,在抑制性突触中找到了超过百种过去没有发现的蛋白。这一发现不仅为治疗大脑疾病提供了新线索,同时也表明大脑的复杂程度远超想象,对抑制性突触的研究仍需深入。

突触是神经元之间联系并进行信息传递的关键部位,根据其对神经元活动的影响,可分为兴奋性突触和抑制性突触两大类。过去科学家们一直认为,抑制性突触要比兴奋性突触简单,因为这些突触结构中的蛋白种类相对较少。此前,科学家在抑制性突触中找到了大约40种蛋白,这些蛋白不仅在防止大脑过度兴奋方面起着关键作用,也塑造着大脑信号的模式。

此次杜克大学研究人员采用BioID生物识别技术,利用一种细菌酶来识别小鼠大脑抑制性突触中的蛋白,结果找到了140种新蛋白。“在过去50年里,这些蛋白就如同被锁进了保险箱,而今天我们把保险箱打开了。”研究人员这样形容这个令他们大吃一惊的发现。(文章详见--Science:抑制大脑过度兴奋的蛋白又找出百余种

【8】Science:中科院发表重要研究成果,为新药开发加速

学研究所和威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校的研究人员在Science杂志上发表了一项重要成果。他们展示的新方法可以高度有效地将有机分子转化为新药。领导这项研究的是中科院上海有机所的刘国生(Guosheng Liu)研究员和威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校的Shannon Stahl教授。

打破碳-氢(C-H)键来改造现有分子是一种越来越受重视的药物开发策略。在不破坏整个分子的前提下把H原子替换为更有用的元件,就是C-H键功能化。C-H键功能化是比较麻烦的,会生成大量的废物。“我们需要开发更有效的途径,”Stahl教授说。“选择性的C-H键功能化是现代化学的一个圣杯。”

研究人员开发的新方法省去了很多中间步骤,使整个过程变得简单多了。他们用自己的方法制备了苄基腈(benzylic nitrile),这种物质是许多激素、神经递质、精神药物和抗炎症药物的前体。研究表明,这种策略有望成为新药研发的实用工具。

此外,这项研究提供的方法还有一个重要特点:能生成与与靶标匹配的手性分子。互为镜像的手性分子(对映异构体),往往具有不同的生物学活性。药物分子的手性必须与靶标匹配,才能在细胞中起作用。“三维形态和手性往往与药物的治疗效果有关,”Stahl强调。(文章详见--Science:中科院发表重要研究成果,为新药开发加速

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    2016-10-12 sophia0225

    真理的很好,谢谢分享

    0

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    2016-10-02 萌面超人

    厉害!!

    0

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    2016-10-01 jichang
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2039466, encodeId=81b0203946658, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9f501600ed9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Science杂志#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16007, encryptionId=9f501600ed9, topicName=Science杂志)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101173734/363C99735735B7F4CB11D5F78F580525/100, createdBy=aab22500211, createdName=ms3025846204744509, createdTime=Sat Jan 21 19:34:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=146353, encodeId=0a9f14635363, content=真理的很好,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3351963162, createdName=sophia0225, createdTime=Wed Oct 12 09:38:44 CST 2016, time=2016-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=138834, encodeId=f96e1388345b, content=厉害!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161002/IMG57F05FAA2744B1777.jpg, createdBy=83e71950291, createdName=萌面超人, createdTime=Sun Oct 02 09:23:03 CST 2016, time=2016-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1375344, encodeId=04e813e53442b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Sat Oct 01 13:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137943, encodeId=3e0113e943aa, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Fri Sep 30 12:44:24 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137941, encodeId=471313e94106, content=学习起来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151005/IMG5612955936CFA7964.jpg, createdBy=18621654109, createdName=Guoxj3234, createdTime=Fri Sep 30 12:44:03 CST 2016, time=2016-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137843, encodeId=81a913e843ef, content=牛!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Thu Sep 29 23:47:29 CST 2016, time=2016-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-30 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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    2016-09-30 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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    2016-09-29 䖝二

    牛!

    0

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