JCEM:21-羟化酶缺乏导致的典型先天性肾上腺增生患儿在肾上腺发育期间及以后的生长特点

2022-03-26 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

先天性肾上腺增生(CAH)包括一组常染色体隐性疾病,其中酶缺乏导致糖皮质激素生物合成受损。

背景:先天性肾上腺增生(CAH)包括一组常染色体隐性疾病,其中酶缺乏导致糖皮质激素生物合成受损。CAH最常见的形式是由CYP21A2基因变异引起的21-羟化酶缺乏症,发生率约为1/10000至15 000例新生儿。因为糖皮质激素反馈系统在CAH中保持完整,下丘脑和垂体前叶通过释放促肾上腺皮质激素(CRH)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)来响应低皮质醇水平,这增加了酶缺陷上游的类固醇前体合成。在21-羟化酶缺乏症中,积累的前体细胞被转化为雄激素,从而导致CAH的典型临床特征。这些包括出生时女孩男性化,出生后不久男女肾上腺功能不全。治疗不充分的婴儿可能出现性早熟、生长加速和骨龄提前,这可能导致最终身高降低。不良后果是男孩的睾丸肾上腺肿瘤,女孩的多毛症和月经周期紊乱,以及两性的生育问题。

  CAH儿童的管理仍然是一个挑战。因为严重丧失21-羟化酶活性的患者需要用糖皮质激素和盐皮质激素进行终身替代治疗,所以找到高雄激素血症和皮质醇增多症之间的平衡非常重要。治疗不足导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制不足,雄激素分泌过多,加速生长,而糖皮质激素过度治疗直接抑制生长。在整个儿童期和青春期,密切监测生化标志物和调整糖皮质激素剂量是必要的。CAH病患者通常无法达到其全部生长潜力。导致最终身高降低的重要因素是糖皮质激素的过度治疗、患者依从性差或糖皮质激素对生长和性激素分泌或对骨骼、胶原和肌肉形成的直接影响。

   然而,这些和未知的其他因素的确切贡献仍然不清楚,但是生长抑制因子可能在儿童期的不同发育阶段具有不同的影响。青春期是糖皮质激素药代动力学变化使代谢控制复杂化并危及身高增长的关键阶段。生长可能受到不利影响的另一个早期阶段是肾上腺发育,即正在发育/成熟的肾上腺网状带(zR)开始产生雄激素。在肾上腺发育期间,一些先前代谢控制充分且骨骼成熟的CAH儿童出现生长速度加快和骨龄增长,因此被认为需要更高的糖皮质激素剂量。

    已经对健康儿童肾上腺发育期间的生长进行了广泛的研究(14-19),但是关于CAH儿童这一主题的数据很少。尚不清楚CAH个体最终身高的降低是否部分源于肾上腺发育过程中生长特征的改变。

目的:本研究旨在分析在接受充分治疗的经典CAH患者中,肾上腺发育对最终身高的影响。

方法:这项回顾性、多中心研究(4个学术儿科内分泌中心)纳入了1990-2012年出生的41例经典型CAH患者。我们评估了骨骼成熟(骨龄)、生长速度和(预计的)成人身高结果,并分析了潜在的影响因素,如性别、基因型和糖皮质激素治疗。

结果:典型CAH患者比同龄人(0.4 SDS 0.8 SD)和他们的父母(校正后的最终身高0.6 SDS 1.0 SD)要矮。肾上腺发育期间的生长分析揭示了2种不同的生长模式:骨龄加速的患者(49%)和相对于实足年龄骨龄不加速的患者(BA-CA)。在肾上腺皮质发育期间,BA-CA加速的患者比正常人群高(P = 0.001),并且预计达到较低的成人身高SDS(0.9 SDS[95% CI,1.3;0.5]),而非加速患者(0.2 SDS [95% CI,0.3;0.8]).加速BA-CA组和非加速BA-CA组的最终成人身高同样降低(0.4 SDS [95% CI,0.9;0.1]与0.3 SDS [95%置信区间为0.8;0.1]).

图1 肾上腺切除术前、中、后经典型CAH男孩和女孩的生长特点。显示的是男孩和女孩的生长数据,用方框图描绘,并分为3个年龄组:肾上腺发育前、肾上腺发育和青春期。从左上至右下,以方框图表示的参数是A,平均身体质量指数SDSb,平均身高SDSc,平均生长速度SDSd,平均骨龄—实足年龄(BA-CA);e,根据Bayley和Pinneau (24)估计的平均身高SDS以及F,根据Bonfig和Schwarz的平均估计高度SDS

表1患者的营养学数据

图2 CAH儿童的生长数据显示骨龄加速或不加速。显示的是加速和非加速CAH儿童以及所有患者的二分法生长数据,以线形图描述并分为3个年龄组:肾上腺发育前、肾上腺发育和青春期。从左上至右下,描述的参数是A,个体骨龄——随时间推移加速个体(黑色)与非加速个体(浅灰色)的实足年龄(BA-CA );b,意思是BA-CA;c,随时间变化的加速个体(黑色)对非加速个体(浅灰色)的个体高度;d,平均身高SDSe,平均生长速度SDSf,表示身体质量指数SDSg,根据Bayley和Pinneau的平均估计身高SDS以及H,根据Bonfig和Schwarz的平均估计高度SDS

图4。显示CAH身高结果相关因素的系数图。该图显示了线性混合效应模型,分别针对A肾上腺发育和B青春期确定与估计最终身高SDS相关的因素。

结论:有或没有显著骨龄提前的患者,因此在肾上腺发育期间的身高预测不同,在青春期重新评估时显示相似的(预测的)最终身高。在肾上腺皮质切除术中,骨龄不应单独作为CAH治疗中代谢控制的临床指标。

原文出处: Troger T,  Sommer G,  Lang-Muritano M,et al.Characteristics of Growth in Children With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency During Adrenarche and Beyond.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 01 18;107(2)

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    2022-04-09 智智灵药
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    2022-06-06 smallant2015
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    2022-03-28 neurowu
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    2022-03-28 huirong

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