Sci Transl Med:颠覆常识!化疗反而增加了乳腺癌转移风险

2017-07-12 佚名 学术经纬

在人类与癌症抗击的历程中,化疗是被我们使用了很久的一种武器。通过化学药物来抑制细胞分裂,患者的病情往往能得到立竿见影的控制。因此,在乳腺癌的治疗中,医生们往往会先对患者进行化疗,抑制患者肿瘤的生长,然后再进行手术,切除病灶。在所有人看来,这是最保险的治疗手段。

在人类与癌症抗击的历程中,化疗是被我们使用了很久的一种武器。通过化学药物来抑制细胞分裂,患者的病情往往能得到立竿见影的控制。因此,在乳腺癌的治疗中,医生们往往会先对患者进行化疗,抑制患者肿瘤的生长,然后再进行手术,切除病灶。在所有人看来,这是最保险的治疗手段。

然而,近日发表在《科学》子刊《Science Translational Medicine》上的一项研究颠覆了许多人的常识。这项研究发现,在乳腺癌手术前使用化疗,可能反而增加了癌症的转移风险!


▲这项研究得到了《科学》官网的大力报道(图片来源:《科学》)

这项研究来源于一项敏锐的发现。来自知名科研机构爱因斯坦医学院(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)的研究人员意识到,在往化疗的药物中添加紫杉醇后,患者的完全缓解率有着显着上升,但却不能延长患者的总体生存率。另一些数据则说明,类似于紫杉醇的化疗药物竟然与血管生成、肿瘤生长有关。这些怪异,甚至有些自相矛盾的发现让研究人员们百思不得其解,也促使他们开展了这项研究。

首先,他们在小鼠模型中确认了紫杉醇的疗效。在多种不同类型的乳腺癌小鼠模型中,研究人员分析了大量的生理指标,并确认紫杉醇的确能起到控制肿瘤生长的作用。在所有的小鼠模型里,肿瘤的生长均得到了延缓。

然而研究人员却发现,在紫杉醇的治疗后,小鼠体内的“肿瘤转移微环境”有所增多。“肿瘤转移微环境”是一种在乳腺癌转移过程中起到关键作用的生理特征,这种微环境由三类交织在一起的不同细胞组成:一类是表达MENA蛋白的肿瘤细胞,一类是血管周围的巨噬细胞,另一类则是内皮细胞。这三种细胞的密度,和乳腺癌转移的风险挂钩。

化疗药物紫杉醇竟然会增加肿瘤转移微环境,这出乎了所有人的意料。


▲在所有的小鼠模型中,紫杉醇化疗都显着增加了“肿瘤转移微环境”评分(图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》)

为了解释这一奇怪的现象,研究人员又进一步分析微环境中,哪些细胞出现了异常增加。实验表明,紫杉醇影响了肿瘤间巨噬细胞的密度。后续的研究则表明,新增的巨噬细胞中,带有TIE2/VEGF的巨噬细胞比例尤其多。这些结果暗示,紫杉醇化疗可能促进了血管生成,从而在抑制肿瘤生长的同时,不小心为日后肿瘤的卷土重来铺平了道路。

为了进一步评估紫杉醇化疗对小鼠血管生成的影响,研究人员通过荧光标记的方法,分析在固定时间内,血管由于异常生长而出现破裂的次数。统计发现,在接受紫杉醇治疗的9个小鼠样本中,有4个出现了血管破裂,占总体比例的45%。而在对照组的10个小鼠样本中,这一数字是0!


▲紫杉醇化疗后的小鼠样本更容易出现血管破裂(上图白色箭头)。红色为血管,绿色为肿瘤细胞,蓝色为巨噬细胞(图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》)

在晚期肿瘤中,血管的破裂是一个很常见的现象,这也利于癌细胞的传播。然而,研究中所使用的均为早期乳腺癌小鼠模型。出现如此高频率的血管破裂,就显得很异常了。研究人员认为,紫杉醇化疗正是由于增加了肿瘤转移微环境中的血管通透性,才使得癌细胞传播和转移的风险出现上升。

糟糕的是,这一现象似乎并不限于紫杉醇化疗。研究人员进一步探索了其他化疗药物对肿瘤微环境的影响,并发现多柔比星/环磷酰胺等几款常用的化疗药物,也有类似紫杉醇的效果。这样看来,化疗增加肿瘤转移的风险,具有一定的普遍性。


▲多柔比星/环磷酰胺也会增加“肿瘤转移微环境”评分(图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》)

读到这里,一些读者可能会指出,这都是小鼠实验,不一定在人类患者中有普适性。研究人员也同样想到了这一点。因此,他们进一步分析了人类患者中的数据。在一项研究中,他们评估了20名ER+/HER2-的乳腺癌患者的“肿瘤转移微环境”密度。这些患者先是每周接受紫杉醇化疗,连续治疗12周,然后再接受四轮多柔比星/环磷酰胺的治疗。化疗后,她们的病灶的确有所缩小,但研究人员发现,大部分患者的“肿瘤转移微环境”评分有着显着上升,有5名患者的评分上升了5倍之多!这些数据证实了化疗会增加人类患者乳腺癌转移的风险,为乳腺癌患者带来预料外的长期副作用。


▲在20名乳腺癌患者在化疗(绿色)后,大部分患者的“肿瘤转移微环境”评分有所上升(图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》)

只有了解疾病本身,我们才能更好地治疗疾病。先前我们提到,肿瘤微环境中的巨噬细胞,TIE2/VEGF的表达会增多。如果抑制TIE2,是否就能减少“肿瘤转移微环境”的增多呢?为了回答这个问题,研究人员寻找到了一款已经得到美国FDA批准的TIE2抑制剂rebastinib,并将它应用于小鼠模型。结果如同他们所预料,表达TIE2/VEGF的巨噬细胞果然变少了,并使血管破裂等异常现象完全消失。这些数据表明,rebastinib与紫杉醇等化疗药物联用,有望在起到控制病情的同时,不增加肿瘤转移的风险。


▲紫杉醇与rebastinib联用后,显着降低了血管破裂几率(图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》)

当然,研究人员也表示,他们还需要做更多的实验,来验证这一思路在人体中的可行性。此外,他们也建议,医生们可以考虑改变目前的乳腺癌治疗方法。比如他们可以先进行手术,再对患者进行化疗。

原始出处:

George S. Karagiannis1, Jessica M. Pastoriza1, Yarong Wang, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Science Translational Medicine  05 Jul 2017

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    2017-08-22 bsmagic9140
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    2017-07-12 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    新辅助化疗增加乳腺癌的转移,

    0

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    2017-07-12 清风拂面

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)是一种含有大量肿瘤干细胞的乳腺癌亚型。缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)会诱导与干细胞有关的表达,在三阴性乳腺癌中表达上调。CIN CANCER RES近期报道了一篇文章,研究HIF-1α是否具有免疫原性以及在转基因鼠中靶向HIF-1α的疫苗是否可以影响基底样乳腺癌的生长。

SCI REP:乳腺癌妇女血清TFF1和TFF3升高!

由此可见,患有乳腺癌的妇女血清中TFF1和TFF3浓度较没有乳腺癌的妇女要高,但TFF2并不升高。

STM:反转:化疗还是杀死癌细胞的更佳选择?新研究说NO!

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其主要治疗方法为手术治疗及化疗。在英国,每年大约有55,000名女性被诊断患有乳腺癌,约11,000人将因其而死亡。其中许多人接受了术前化疗。

Chin Med:饮食模式的中医属性与乳腺癌发病率之间的关系

俗话说:"三分治,七分养",饮食就是其中一个内容。自古以来,我国劳动人民就十分重视饮食对人体健康的利害关系,把饮食命为人的命脉,还把饮食当作预防和治疗疾病的一个重要手段。这项回顾性横断面研究旨在探讨中国香港的妇女中乳腺癌的发病率与中医(CM)认为的饮食模式(热性、平和和寒性)之间的关联。研究共纳入了202例乳腺癌患者和202例健康妇女作为对照组,将她们根据人口统计学进行匹配。这些居住在香港法女性在