Lancet:一着不慎满盘皆输!抗生素耐药性成全球主要死亡原因

2022-01-30 生物探索 生物探索

该报告强调我们应尽快采取对抗抗生素耐药性相关行动,包括优化现有抗生素使用、采取更多行动来监测和控制感染,以及提供更多资金来开发新的抗生素和治疗方法。

抗生素(antibiotics)是由微生物或高等动植物所产生的具有抗病原体或其他活性的一类次级代谢产物,主要针对“细菌有而人(或其他动植物)没有”的机制发挥抑菌或杀菌作用。随着抗生素的广泛使用甚至滥用,细菌对抗生素的耐药性问题已十分严重,抗生素耐药性(AMR,指部分微生物对原本敏感的抗生素产生高度耐受的特性)已成为21世纪的主要公共卫生威胁之一。

1月19日,据ScienceNews报道,“2019年,抗生素耐药性导致约有127万人死亡,当年死于细菌感染的人数甚至超过死于艾滋病毒或疟疾的人数,具体研究以“Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: asystematic analysis”为题发表于顶级医学杂志The Lancet,揭示了抗生素耐药性成全球主要死亡原因。

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图1. 研究成果(图源:The Lancet)

这项最新的全球抗生素耐药性研究(GRAM)报告评估了2019年在204个国家和地区中与23种病原体和88种病原体-药物组合相关的死亡案例。根据从系统性文献综述、医院系统、监测系统和其他数据来源获得的4.71亿条个人记录,采用统计模型对所有地区(包括没有数据的地方)的AMR影响进行了估算。

本研究以两种方式估算疾病负担:由AMR直接导致的死亡(反过来说,即如果感染对药物敏感,更容易治疗,不会发生死亡),以及AMR间接导致的死亡(即耐药性感染可能与死亡有关,但耐药性本身是否为直接原因尚未可知)。

研究发现,细菌抗菌素耐药性在全球估计有495万例死亡中有很大占比,其中包括127万例直接由耐药性感染引起的死亡。据估计,在21个全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)地区中,澳大拉西亚对AMR的负担最低,每10万人中有6.5例死亡病例归因于AMR;西撒哈拉以南非洲为首的负担最高,每10万人中有27.3人死亡病例归因于AMR。尽管撒哈拉以南非洲地区归因于AMR的全年龄段死亡率最高,但该地区所有感染性死亡中归因于AMR的百分比却是最低的。

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图2. 2019年按GBD地区划分的由AMR引起的全年龄段死亡率(图源:The Lancet)

2019年,在25万例与AMR相关的死亡中有六种病原体为罪魁祸首,它们分别是大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肺炎链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。由大肠杆菌AMR致死的人数高居2019年度首位,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌和结核分枝杆菌。

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图3. 2019年全球按病原体分类的与AMR相关的致死人数(图源:The Lancet)

另外,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌是研究者分析的其中一种病原体-药物组合抗菌药,有超过10万人死于该细菌导致的AMR。另外还有其他六种病原体-药物组合的抗菌药导致5至10万例耐药性死亡,它们分别是多重耐药菌(不包括广泛耐药肺结核病)、第三代头孢菌素耐药性大肠杆菌、碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、氟喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌、碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌和耐第三代头孢菌素的肺炎克雷伯菌。其中,有超过70%的死亡病例可归因于对β-内酰胺类(包括青霉素)和氟喹诺酮类抗生素产生AMR,因为这两类药物通常是许多细菌感染的一线选择。

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图4. 2019年全球按病原体-药物组合分类的AMR致死人数(图源:The Lancet)

最后,该研究小组发现,在全球范围内,每10万人中有64人的死亡与AMR有关,每10万人中有16.4人死于此类感染。值得注意的是,撒哈拉以南非洲西部的死亡率最高:每100000人中有114.8人死于AMR,每100000人中有27.3人死于耐药性。总体而言,在医疗资源较少的地方,AMR导致的死亡率较高。

该报告强调我们应尽快采取对抗抗生素耐药性相关行动,包括优化现有抗生素使用、采取更多行动来监测和控制感染,以及提供更多资金来开发新的抗生素和治疗方法。

参考资料:

[1]https://www.sciencenews.org/article/antimicrobial-resistance-cause-death-antibiotic-bacteria.
[2]Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistancein 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Jan 18:S0140-6736(21)02724-0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35065702.

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    2022-01-30 小小医者

    人类探索的研制增加耐药菌,然后又研究新的抗生素如此往复,总有一天细菌越来越厉害。

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