NEJM:急性细支气管炎患儿雾化治疗按需给药展现优越性

2013-06-18 NEJM dxy

急性细支气管炎时常导致婴幼儿住院,目前并无明确的有价值的吸入治疗策略——无论是药物类型还是给药频率方面。日前,挪威学者Skjerven博士等人开展了一项研究,旨在评估雾化外消旋肾上腺素与雾化生理盐水治疗急性细支气管炎住院患儿的有效性,并对治疗频率策略进行了比较(按需给药或固定给药)。结果显示,雾化外消旋肾上腺素的效果并不优于雾化生理盐水。两种药物在改善住院时间、吸氧、鼻胃管饲喂、辅助通气等方面表现

急性细支气管炎时常导致婴幼儿住院,目前并无明确的有价值的吸入治疗策略——无论是药物类型还是给药频率方面。日前,挪威学者Skjerven博士等人开展了一项研究,旨在评估雾化外消旋肾上腺素与雾化生理盐水治疗急性细支气管炎住院患儿的有效性,并对治疗频率策略进行了比较(按需给药或固定给药)。结果显示,雾化外消旋肾上腺素的效果并不优于雾化生理盐水。两种药物在改善住院时间、吸氧、鼻胃管饲喂、辅助通气等方面表现相似。而按照患儿实际需要给药的治疗策略明显优于每2小时给药一次。他们的论文发表于2013年6月13日NEJM在线版。

该项大型随机对照双盲研究包括8个中心,采用2X2因子设计,比较了雾化外消旋肾上腺素VS雾化生理盐水,以及按需给药VS固定方案给药(每2小时一次)治疗中至重度急性细支气管炎患儿(小于12月龄)的效果。研究的纳入标准为总体临床评分不小于4分(范围0至10分,得分愈高,病情愈严重)。任何补氧治疗、鼻胃管饲喂、或辅助呼吸均予以报道。试验主要转归为住院天数,研究者对试验数据进行意向治疗分析。

研究共纳入404名平均年龄4.2个月的急性细支气管炎患儿,其中59.4%为男孩。雾化外消旋肾上腺素与雾化生理盐水治疗组患儿的住院时间、补氧疗法的使用、鼻胃管饲喂、辅助呼吸以及临床评分自基线(治疗前)的相对改善均相似。与固定给药方案相比,按需给药可显著性缩短预估平均住院时间,(47.6小时(95% 置信区间[CI], 30.6 至64.6) versus 61.3小时(95% CI, 45.4 to 77.2; P=0.01)),补氧疗法的使用也得到减少(38.3% vs. 48.7%, P=0.04),辅助呼吸的使用更少(4.0% vs. 10.8%, P=0.01),吸入治疗的患者更少(12.0 vs. 17.0, P<0.001)。

研究者总结道,对于急性细支气管炎患儿的治疗,雾化外消旋肾上腺素治疗并不比雾化生理盐水治疗更为有效,然而,与固定时间吸入治疗相比,按需吸入治疗似乎有优越性。

述评:

《新英格兰医学杂志》在线发表的一篇由挪威奥斯陆大学国家医院Havard Ove Skjerven 博士和同事们的文章这样总结道:“看起来按需吸入治疗的策略比定期吸入治疗更有优势”。Skjerven博士在一次电话访谈中对路透社健康说:”吸入外消旋肾上腺素治疗在过去30年左右一直是挪威的一种标准疗法。患者需接受多次给药,平均每个患者需接受14~15次给药 “。

纽约市Montefiore医学中心儿童医院的Alyssa Silver博士(本人与该研究无相关利益关系)说:”尽管一些试验和建议显示支气管扩张剂对急性细支气管炎的疗效并非最佳,但该药还是在急性细支气管炎患儿身上过度使用。还有一项证据是,进行的另一项研究显示吸入肾上腺素也同样无效。“但Silver博士告诉路透社健康,让她感到惊讶的是按需治疗所产生的改善效果。

由挪威东南部地区的8个临床中心和404例不足1岁的患儿参与了一项随机双盲试验。试验表明,吸入降低黏膜肿胀的肾上腺素,改善了门诊患儿的症状并降低了住院风险。但是,试验中未发现减少了住院患儿的住院时间。Skjerven团队想进行这样的试验,进而证明按需给药治疗是否优于固定时间给药治疗。

Skjerven博士说:”常见的给药方式是在固定时间给药,可每隔1或2小时给药,不管患者是否需要给药,也不管患者是否清醒“。当谈到给予急性细支气管炎患儿雾化吸入治疗时,最重要的可能就是用药时机。挪威的医生发现,定期接受吸入外消旋肾上腺素的患儿,其健康状况并不好于那些定期吸入雾化性生理盐水的患儿。

然而,当根据需要原则,无论是给予药物或生理盐水治疗时,都可使住院时间减少23% (p=0.01)。那些确定给予按需吸入治疗的患儿,其补氧量的需求也可减少21%(p=0.04),并且按需吸入治疗对3个月及不足3个月患儿的疗效更为显著。他说:”使用按需治疗,护士就得不停判断该患者是否需用药或该药是否看起来有效,如该患者病情稳定或处于熟睡中,那你就无需唤醒该患者起来用药“。

不考虑给药时间,当研究人员仅评判生理盐水和肾上腺素本身时,两者在住院时间、补氧量、临床得分及其他测试方面都基本相同。然而,当他们将按需吸入治疗与定期吸入治疗进行比较时,无论是否使用肾上腺素,定期吸入组的平均住院时间为61.3小时,而按需吸入组则为47.6小时。使用按需治疗,需补氧的患儿数量从48.7%下降为38.3%,同时吸入治疗的平均数量,定期吸入组为17.0,而按需吸入组则为12.0。

Skjerven博士说:”尝试按需治疗的主要原因是我们想弄清是否可增加个性化治疗并减少给药次数,出乎我们意料的是实际结果显示更好“。他说:”在年龄不足3个月的最小患儿中,其疗效较显著,因为对我们来说,该年龄段患儿处于最易患病的阶段。实际上按需治疗可大大缩短住院时间,可缩短24小时“。患儿中终止治疗的比例为20.5%,主要出现在生理盐水组,主要原因是该治疗看起来失败了。但两组的停用率差无统计学意义。

为什么按需治疗会更好?

Skjerven 博士说:“请记住,我们使用无漏式面罩贴在脸上,给予100%氧和高剂量肾上腺素,给药次数高达1小时给药一次。这样非常有可能使患儿产生应激反应。许多患儿开始尖叫,同时他们对这种方法显然感到不舒服”。

他说:“在重症监护病房有一种称为最低处理的概念,在那里,你试图集合各种处理过程并尽可能让睡眠时间最长以尽量帮助恢复。我们推测这个概念可转移至不足3个月的患儿,这样对我们来说是合情合理的”。他说:“这些结果无疑会导致在挪威的指导原则发生变更,同时我们期盼看到这可能会对全球产生何种影响”。

Silver博士表示,支气管扩张疗法可能仍然是普遍的疗法,“因为我们并没有好的治疗方案可供选择。该疾病病程可影响许多婴儿。是全美不足1岁婴儿入院的头号原因。当你看到这些幼小的婴儿挣扎着呼吸时,人们是多么希望做些事来改善这一状况”。

Racemic Adrenaline and Inhalation Strategies in Acute Bronchiolitis
Background
Acute bronchiolitis in infants frequently results in hospitalization, but there is no established consensus on inhalation therapy — either the type of medication or the frequency of administration — that may be of value. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of inhaled racemic adrenaline as compared with inhaled saline and the strategy for frequency of inhalation (on demand vs. fixed schedule) in infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis.
Methods
In this eight-center, randomized, double-blind trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design, we compared inhaled racemic adrenaline with inhaled saline and on-demand inhalation with fixed-schedule inhalation (up to every 2 hours) in infants (<12 months of age) with moderate-to-severe acute bronchiolitis. An overall clinical score of 4 or higher (on a scale of 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more severe illness) was required for study inclusion. Any use of oxygen therapy, nasogastric-tube feeding, or ventilatory support was recorded. The primary outcome was the length of the hospital stay, with analyses conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.
Results
The mean age of the 404 infants included in the study was 4.2 months, and 59.4% were boys. Length of stay, use of oxygen supplementation, nasogastric-tube feeding, ventilatory support, and relative improvement in the clinical score from baseline (preinhalation) were similar in the infants treated with inhaled racemic adrenaline and those treated with inhaled saline (P>0.1 for all comparisons). On-demand inhalation, as compared with fixed-schedule inhalation, was associated with a significantly shorter estimated mean length of stay — 47.6 hours (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.6 to 64.6) versus 61.3 hours (95% CI, 45.4 to 77.2; P=0.01) — as well as less use of oxygen supplementation (in 38.3% of infants vs. 48.7%, P=0.04), less use of ventilatory support (in 4.0% vs. 10.8%, P=0.01), and fewer inhalation treatments (12.0 vs. 17.0, P<0.001).
Conclusions
In the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants, inhaled racemic adrenaline is not more effective than inhaled saline. However, the strategy of inhalation on demand appears to be superior to that of inhalation on a fixed schedule. (Funded by Medicines for Children; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00817466; EudraCT number, 2009-012667-34.)

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