Med J Aust:先天性梅毒呈上升趋势:检测和识别的重要性

2021-10-19 医路坦克 MedSci原创

先天性梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种垂直传播的细菌感染,与早产、宫内生长受限、流产、死产和围产儿死亡等严重的围产期后果有关。通过对感染的孕妇进行适当的产前筛查和青霉素治疗,这种感染是完全可以预防的。

 

       这名3个月大的男婴因临床败血症、肝脾肿大、严重贫血、转氨炎、高乳酸和凝血功能障碍而被送入儿科重症监护病房。疑似白血病合并脓毒症。作为扩大脓毒症筛查的一部分,在入院第5天进行梅毒血清学检查,结果显示快速血浆反应素(RPR)滴度为1:128,梅毒螺旋体反应颗粒凝集,梅毒聚合酶链反应(PCR)阳性,随后进行梅毒IgM抗体反应酶免疫分析。进一步检查发现斑驳视网膜色素沉着(Box,A)、肝脾肿大伴浸润(Box,B)、玻璃体混浊、骨质减少、骨膜炎、干骺端糜烂和阳性Wimberger征(Box,C)--所有这些都是先天性梅毒的典型特征。PCR检测未检出梅毒螺旋体DNA。听力学检查正常。婴儿静脉滴注青霉素60 mg/kg,每6h一次,连续10d。他的反应很好,在医院总共住了18天后出院了。一岁时,尽管眼底镜检查显示视网膜有持续性病变,但他的发育和视力正常。

眼底检查显示斑驳的“盐和胡椒”色素性视网膜改变,与脉络膜视网膜炎一致(A);腹部计算机断层扫描显示肝脏明显不均匀增大(B);长骨X光显示泛发性骨膜炎和早期温伯格征(箭头)(C)。

 

     先天性梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种垂直传播的细菌感染,与早产、宫内生长受限、流产、死产和围产儿死亡等严重的围产期后果有关。通过对感染的孕妇进行适当的产前筛查和青霉素治疗,这种感染是完全可以预防的。

    尽管世界卫生组织于2007年发起了消除先天性梅毒的全球倡议,但高收入国家的先天梅毒发病率仍在持续上升,这与传染性梅毒的发病率上升有关,特别是在怀孕期间。导致这种感染在世界范围内重新出现的因素包括高危性活动的增加、旅行和移民的增加,以及限制某些人口获得医疗保健的社会和经济条件。澳大利亚的国家数据显示,除塔斯马尼亚外,所有州的传染性梅毒通报都在显著增加。在2009年至2019年期间,这一比率从每10万人口5.9人增加到23.2人,增长了四倍。这一增长在北领地最为明显,从每10万人口16.8起增加到138.6起,增长了8.6倍。

     最近的趋势显示,异性恋者的感染越来越多,育龄年轻女性的发病率也随之增加。这一病例强调了临床医生需要意识到先天性梅毒发病率的增加,并考虑将其作为出现非特异性症状的危重不适婴儿的一种可能性。此病例中贫血和血小板减少的突出表现反映在其他已发表的文献中,先天性梅毒被认为是血液和肿瘤疾病的模仿者。先天性梅毒的其他常见特征包括肝脾肿大、发热和皮疹,但有各种不同的表现,性质、发病年龄和严重程度各不相同。

     青霉素仍然是怀孕期间唯一推荐的治疗方法,治疗指南建议在6-12个月内将RPR滴度降低四倍,并在婴儿分娩前至少30天完成疗程。因此,怀孕期间接受感染性梅毒治疗的母亲在分娩前应每月进行血清学检测,以监测治疗反应并避免再感染。适当产妇治疗的另一个关键方面是确保对所有现在性伴侣及其接触者进行检测和治疗,以防止再次感染。确诊为先天性梅毒的婴儿应接受10天的青霉素静脉注射。此外,怀孕期间接受梅毒治疗的母亲所生的婴儿应在3、6和12个月大时进行随访血清学(直到RPR保持无反应),即使出生时对先天性梅毒的初步评估为阴性。所有妇女都应该在第一次产前检查时接受检查,最好是在怀孕10周之前,如果有暴露的风险或如果有症状,应该再次进行检查。然而,风险较高的妇女在怀孕期间应接受最多五次检查:在怀孕早期、怀孕16-26周、26-28周和34-36周,以及在特定情况下再次在分娩时进行检查。也可以考虑在传播增加的地区对普通人群进行筛查间隔。

 

文献来源: Wu MX,  Moore A,  Seel M,Congenital syphilis on the rise: the importance of testing and recognition.Med J Aust 2021 Sep 25

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    2022-08-29 mgqwxj
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    2021-10-21 huirong
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    2021-10-20 王振勇

    这个为什么?

    0

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