偷偷升高尿酸的帮凶!不是高嘌呤食物,这种东西在可乐、奶茶中广泛使用

2021-09-29 “护士网”公众号 “护士网”公众号

长时间尿酸水平过高就会造成许多尿酸结石在人体关节沉积。这个时候就会有越多潜在危害!

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,越来越多的人出现了血液中尿酸水平过高的情况,可能对身体会造成非常大的影响。

现在高尿酸已成为继高血压、高血糖和高血脂之后的第四高了,而且越来越呈现出年轻化的趋势。

尿酸水平过高,一方面与人体中代谢尿酸的酶类有关。另一方面和人们的饮食习惯有着非常密切的关系,许多喜欢吃高嘌呤的食物,会造成人体尿酸水平过高。

长时间尿酸水平过高就会造成许多尿酸结石在人体关节沉积。这个时候就会有越多潜在危害!

尿酸到底是什么

尿酸是体内一个本身就存在的代谢产物,正常情况下,人体每天新生成尿酸600 mg,排除600 mg,保持着平衡。

尿酸是通过血液来检测的,称为血尿酸水平,是判断尿酸是否增高的指标。当然尿液中也能测尿酸水平,但主要是用来判断肾脏排尿酸能力。

目前国内通行的血尿酸水平正常标准范围是以μmol/L为单位,男性178~416之间,女性是148~357之间,也就是说男性超过416 μmol/L,女性超过357 μmol/L,就可以诊断为“高尿酸血症”。

尿酸不只与吃进去的嘌呤有关

如果把人体比作一座工厂,尿酸就好比工业生产时的废物,人体内肝脏会把没用的嘌呤处理成尿酸,然后经由肾脏、肠道等排毒器官把尿酸排泄出去,整个过程都在一个稳定的范围内。

如果这里的任何一个环节出了问题,尿酸就可能会升高。简单来说,如果尿酸升高,不是吃进去的嘌呤多了,就是排出去的尿酸变少了。

尿酸排出去的少,受遗传因素影响比较大,而摄入嘌呤过多的问题,一部分和饮食有关,这也是为什么痛风和高尿酸血症人群,都建议要控制嘌呤摄入。

但嘌呤的另一大主要来源,很多人却不清楚,那就是我们身体自己产生的嘌呤,有些食物虽然自己不含嘌呤,但它里面含有的某些成分却能促进身体合成更多嘌呤,从而造成尿酸升高。

尿酸高的“帮凶”:果糖

体内尿酸过高,容易引发痛风的危险,很多人都会严格按照高嘌呤食物表来控制自己的饮食结构,那么问题来了,有的人明明没有吃海鲜、喝浓汤等高嘌呤食物,也戒烟酒了,但是尿酸还是一直居高不下。

在饮食方面,少吃海鲜少喝啤酒是对的,但是很多人往往还忽视了另一个很重要的细节:果糖!

果糖对痛风的影响是近些年科研发现的,《英国医学杂志》的一项研究发现,摄入含糖的软饮料和富含果糖的水、果汁与痛风的风险增加密切相关。

近年的研究也发现,高果糖饮料的摄入与痛风发病率增加平行,此外,还发现果糖可以增加食欲,不受胰岛素、瘦素的调节,因此进食者不会有饱腹感产生。

所以将果糖列为糖尿病、高血压、脂肪肝等痛风的常见伴发病或合并症的重要危险因素。

果糖升高尿酸的机制

果糖是最常见的己酮糖,是葡萄糖的同分异构体。它以游离状态大量存在于水果的浆汁和蜂蜜中,果糖还能与葡萄糖结合生成蔗糖。

章友康等在《中华肾脏病杂志》发表的文章指出,果糖代谢途经中的关键酶果糖激酶与糖酵解的己糖激酶不同,无负反馈抑制。

如果摄入果糖过多,所有进入细胞的果糖迅速被磷酸化,导致细胞内磷酸化减弱和ATP耗竭,导致短暂蛋白质合成障碍和形成过量的AMP。而AMP会耗竭活化嘌呤代谢酶的活性,其经脱氨酶形成次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP),后经黄嘌呤氧化酶作用下由次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤最终分解为尿酸,从而伴随细胞内尿酸升高和高尿酸血症的产生。

此外,果糖还可减少尿酸排泄,促进内源性尿酸合成。研究发现,果糖可降低9.8%的尿酸清除率,其机制是果糖引起胰岛素抵抗。

不少高尿酸患者,对含糖饮料的危害毫不知情,甚至可能觉得用饮料代替酒,是一种更加“健康”的饮食选择,那就真的得不偿失了。

这些“果糖”食品要特别注意

果糖口感清香、细腻,甜度也更高。如果对不同种类糖的甜度加以比较,蔗糖是100分,葡萄糖74分,乳糖只有16分,而果糖高达173分!

果糖不会产生饱腹感,与葡萄糖相比,更易增加食欲。下面这些食品都可能是过量果糖的来源,痛风患者需要注意。

任何甜饮料

市面上销售的各种甜饮料,包括碳酸饮料如可乐、果汁、奶茶、所谓的功能性饮料等是果糖最丰富的来源之一,痛风患者应该谨慎饮用。

蜂蜜

蜂蜜虽然营养价值较高,但是其果糖含量高达70%,痛风患者必须节制食用。

果糖含量较多的水果

我们平时常常吃的芒果、荔枝、哈密瓜、西瓜、甜瓜等都是含糖量较高的水果。

还有些水果是果糖的隐性来源,如柑橘、桃、李、杏等含蔗糖较多,分解代谢后将有一半转化成果糖,也需要加以关注。

水果营养丰富,一天控制在500 g以内没有问题,但切勿贪多哦。

烘焙糕点

甜甜圈、饼干、蛋糕、布朗尼、牛角面包等这些大家爱吃的面包糕点都是高糖的食物,注意别吃太多,以防尿酸增高。

各种糖浆

玉米糖浆、玉米甜味剂等,这些糖浆都含有高果糖,所以常备拿来代替糖使用,最常被应用在制作甜点上。

尿酸高,危害不仅仅是痛风

对于高尿酸血症所带来的后果,很多人还只是停留在痛风这一点上,然而实际上,它的危害可能远超你的想象。

关节损伤

痛风性关节炎通常导致足第一跖趾关节、踝关节、足背以及膝关节等突然剧烈疼痛,发作关节数小时内出现红肿。

大多数情况下,只有一个关节发作,但有些人也会累及一个以上的关节,尿酸盐结晶沉积在关节处,晶体会刺激关节产生炎,引起痛风石、痛风骨破坏等。

高尿酸性肾病

高尿酸血症人群中只有大约10%的人会发生痛风,高尿酸血症还与多种器官损伤有关,如尿酸性肾病。

正常人体尿酸的产生和清除维持着动态平衡。尿酸形成过多或排泄障碍均可产生高尿酸血症,血中尿酸过高则加重肾负担,出现尿中尿酸过高,使尿酸盐沉积于肾,导致尿酸性肾病。

还有一部分患者,尿酸盐在皮下、关节周围逐渐沉积,就形成痛风石。据统计,痛风患者反复发作而不进行规范降尿酸治疗的话,一般十年后就会出现肾损伤,导致肾功能不全,甚至尿毒症。

此外,高尿酸还会大大提高发生多种代谢相关疾病(如糖尿病、高血脂等)和血管疾病的风险。

如何才能控制好尿酸?

调整饮食

糖尿病、高尿酸血症都与饮食有密切关系,所以糖尿病合并高尿酸血症时,制订一个合理的饮食方案非常重要。从原则上讲,饮食应做到:6低、4足量、2戒、1合理。

6低:低糖、低盐、低嘌呤、低胆固醇、低饱和脂肪酸,限制食量。

4足量:饮食中应含足量人体所必需的维生素、矿物质(微量元素)和膳食纤维,饮水量要充足。

2戒:戒烟、戒酒。

1合理:食物中碳水化合物(糖)、蛋白质、脂肪的比例应合理。一般认为三者应分别为55% ~60%、15%~20%、20%~25%较为合适。

最后两点很重要

1、多喝水、戒酒

每天喝1500 ml以上,喝水促进身体代谢以及排尿,有助于帮助身体排出尿酸。戒酒,酒精具有抑制尿酸排泄的作用,所以要禁喝啤酒和白酒。

2、坚持运动、控制体重

每日进行中等强度运动30分钟左右,要注意避免剧烈运动或损伤,肥胖者应减体重,使体重控制在正常范围。

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    2021-10-01 hbwxf
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    2021-10-01 yhy100201
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    2021-10-01 by2014
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    2021-09-29 13f0c37dm61暂无昵称

    学习学习

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