输血也要挑“肥”拣“瘦”

2016-10-21 聂博士 兰世亭

小明表姐的一个闺蜜是一位重度缺铁性贫血的待产妇,正在接受输注浓缩红细胞治疗。他的丈夫悄悄找到主管医生:“医生,能不能再给我太太输点全血”“为什么?”医生问。“我听别人讲全血的营养成分最全,你看,我太太现在这么虚弱,我想让她再加强点营养…..”……这是发生在小明表姐周围的一件事,从中我们可以看出在现实生活中,人们对输血的认识还存在一些误区。输血,作为临床上一张有效的治疗手段,到目前为止,还没有哪一种

小明表姐的一个闺蜜是一位重度缺铁性贫血的待产妇,正在接受输注浓缩红细胞治疗。他的丈夫悄悄找到主管医生:

“医生,能不能再给我太太输点全血”

“为什么?”医生问。

“我听别人讲全血的营养成分最全,你看,我太太现在这么虚弱,我想让她再加强点营养…..”

……

这是发生在小明表姐周围的一件事,从中我们可以看出在现实生活中,人们对输血的认识还存在一些误区。输血,作为临床上一张有效的治疗手段,到目前为止,还没有哪一种药品可以替代。输血疗法的诞生大大降低了由失血过多引起的死亡率,改善了患者的健康状况,延长了病人的生命。可以毫不夸张地说,如果没有输血疗法,许多外科手术和医疗手段都无法顺利完成。正因为如此,长期以来,人们视血液为“补品”,甚至流传为“全血营养最全”,“输血就要输全血”的观念。

全血是否真的“营养最全”呢?

让我们来看看血液的成分:血液是由有形的血细胞和液态的血浆组成,血细胞包括红细胞、白细胞和血小板,约占血液总容量的40%-50%;血浆约占55%-60%,其中包括白蛋白、免疫球蛋白、纤维蛋白原、凝血因子、补体等。全血就是含有抗凝剂和全部血液成分的血液。
但是全血并不意味着营养最全。全血分为新鲜全血和保存全血。新鲜全血一般只采集24小时内的血液;保存全血是宝尊在4±2℃的全血,以保存液的不同,保存期分别为21天-35天。血液一旦离开人体,成分即发生变化。随着保存时间的延长,红细胞从正常的双凹形变成球形,其脆性增加,易发生溶血;白细胞(包括粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞)中的粒细胞保存1天后,即已丧失功能;血小板在全血中保存12小时后活性下降50%;不稳定的凝血因子如Ⅷ因子(即抗血友病球蛋白)保存24小时后活性下降50%,Ⅴ因子在保存3-5天后也损失50%。所以4℃保存5天以上的全血,只留下红细胞、血浆蛋白和稳定的凝血因子。与保存全血相比,新鲜全血虽然成分较全,但除红细胞外,其余成分都含量很低,达不到治疗剂量。

成分输血有什么好处?

所谓成分输血,就是用物理或化学方法,将血液中多种有效成分分离出来,分别制成高浓度、高纯度的制品,根据患者的病情,需要什么成分就输注什么成分的输血方法。与全血输血相比,成分输血有不可比拟的优越性。
疗效显著成分输血的原则是确定患者缺乏什么成分补充什么成分。将全血中的某种成分分离纯化到高浓度、便于保存和运输;把多个献血者的同一种血液成分混合成为一个有效的治疗剂量输给患者,疗效显著。比如,浓缩红细胞可用于治疗血容量正常的贫血病人;浓缩白细胞治疗白细胞缺乏症合并全身感染的病人;烧伤而致的休克和循环血容量不足时可用白蛋白。预防如麻疹、病毒性肝炎等病毒所致的疾病时可使用免疫球蛋白;出血不止的甲型血友病患者可使用Ⅷ因子浓缩剂等。

便于保存,使用方便例如,一个70公斤体重出血不止的血小板减少症患者,为达到止血目的,如果采用全血输血,约需要3000毫升左右的全血,而输注浓缩血小板12-16个单位,仅约400毫升的容积,便可以达到止血的效果。
降低输血反应目前已知的各种血细胞及血浆蛋白抗原系统繁多复杂,全世界70亿人群中除同卵双胎外,几乎没有完全同型者。因此输全血比输任何一种成分血发生免疫反应的几率都高。

减少输血传染病的发生白细胞是许多血液病毒的载体,如巨细胞病毒、HIV病毒、乙肝及丙肝病毒等都可以通过白细胞输注传染给患者。而白细胞优势许多受血者并不需要的成分。

一血多用,节省血源全血是宝贵的资源,将全血制成成分血,可以治疗多个不同需要的患者。

由此看来,成分输血具有全血输注不可比拟的优越性。在输血中也要挑肥拣瘦,破除“输血就要输全血”的观念,提倡成分输血。

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    2016-10-24 Jackie Li

    收藏

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    2016-10-23 windight
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    2016-10-22 永圣

    输血风险高,繁琐

    0

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    2016-10-22 187清风

    支持成分输血

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150708, encodeId=a3fd150e0842, content=收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfBfgWn9nXBgH1sNSiaOAKhsKpN40jDHQKqcRzovau5VibLvREN8uxnu9sKoScBicHSiaDMmbveibFdrBiaD4k4IOPwlG/0, createdBy=b5d11730951, createdName=Jackie Li, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 00:00:54 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1259662, encodeId=e01b1259662ae, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=569c9382389' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#输血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93823, encryptionId=569c9382389, topicName=输血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec9955, createdName=windight, createdTime=Sun Oct 23 04:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150361, encodeId=16f4150361a0, content=输血风险高,繁琐, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e31c1656664, createdName=永圣, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 16:47:19 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150301, encodeId=2fc915030136, content=支持成分输血, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 11:08:33 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150270, encodeId=c42f1502e003, content=从没接触过,都不知道原来成分输血是这样的。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e0791615057, createdName=JEANSUN, createdTime=Sat Oct 22 08:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150116, encodeId=559c15011626, content=输血有很大学问, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161003/IMG57F1CE4724D2E2574.jpg, createdBy=c2eb1960303, createdName=drmike, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:34:40 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150109, encodeId=c49e15010949, content=这个也是有趣, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=15, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Fri Oct 21 14:30:46 CST 2016, time=2016-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-22 JEANSUN

    从没接触过,都不知道原来成分输血是这样的。

    0

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    2016-10-21 drmike

    输血有很大学问

    0

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    2016-10-21 Carlos007

    这个也是有趣

    0

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