秦叔逵教授:肝癌精准治疗需要加油,药物安全性值得关注

2018-01-10 佚名 ioncology

精准医学运用于肿瘤领域方兴未艾,但是在不同的瘤种和阶段,发展速度和程度参差不齐。近来,许多重要会议上都有关于精准医学,包括分子靶向和免疫治疗研究的新数据出炉,临床肿瘤专家不仅关注药物的有效性,也开始重视药物的安全性。

精准医学运用于肿瘤领域方兴未艾,但是在不同的瘤种和阶段,发展速度和程度参差不齐。近来,许多重要会议上都有关于精准医学,包括分子靶向免疫治疗研究的新数据出炉,临床肿瘤专家不仅关注药物的有效性,也开始重视药物的安全性。

精准医学方兴未艾,肝癌领域喜忧参半

所谓精准医学(Precision Medicine),就是依据患者内在生物学信息以及临床症状和体征,对患者实施关于健康医疗和临床决策的量身定制。2011年,美国科学院、工程院、国立卫生研究院和科学委员会首先共同发出“迈向精准医学”的倡议。著名基因组学家Maynard V Olson博士参与起草的美国国家智库报告《走向精准医学》正式发表,提出要通过遗传关联研究与临床医学紧密接轨,来实现人类疾病精准治疗和有效预警。

2015年,由于当时的美国总统在国情咨文演讲中提出了“精准医学”计划,呼吁美国要增加医学研究经费,推动个体化基因组学研究,依据个人基因信息为癌症及其他疾病患者制定个体医疗方案,在国际上引起了轰动。我国医学界也非常重视,紧紧跟上,加强研究。

实现精准医学,主要依赖于基因组学、蛋白组学和代谢酶学的进步,互联网技术、大数据的统计与分析乃至人工智能的迅速发展。恶性肿瘤仍然是全球面临的严峻威胁和挑战,需要取得突破。以往,针对不同类型肿瘤、同一肿瘤的不同阶段往往采用同一治疗方案,效果有限;如今,提倡精准诊断和精准治疗,定向、定点,高效低毒。

目前,在精准肿瘤学领域,诊断治疗和研究发展得较好的肿瘤包括肺癌乳腺癌和大肠癌等,比如,肺癌通过分子分型,分别采用小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、化疗或PD-1单抗免疫治疗,乳腺癌针对HER-2的治疗以及大肠癌的抗VEGF和抗EGFR靶向治疗都取得了很好的疗效。

然而,迄今多数肿瘤尚未能达到精准诊疗,还不能找到像肺癌的EGFR突变、ALK融合基因以及ROS-1融合基因等驱动基因,而这些驱动基因在肿瘤的发生、发展和转移中起着举足轻重的作用。原发性肝癌主要是肝细胞癌,发病原因和病情非常复杂,两类疾病即基础肝病(肝炎、肝硬化、肝功能障碍和并发症)与高度恶性的肝肿瘤之间交互影响,恶性循环,治疗非常棘手。

近年来,关于肝癌精准治疗也开展了一些探索性研究,包括针对C-MET基因的基础和临床研究。今年,报告了两项C-MET抑制剂Ⅲ期临床研究的结果,可谓是喜忧参半:一方面,卡博替尼二线治疗晚期肝细胞癌患者的CELCSTIAL研究获得了成功,与安慰剂对照组相比,卡博替尼治疗组患者具有明显的生存获益,鼓舞人心;另一方面, Tivatinib(ARQ 197)冲击二线治疗的METIV-HCC研究折戟沉沙,令人沮丧。

考虑后一研究的失败可能与多种因素有关:其一、HCC发生的肝脏背景和分子机制复杂,基因和表观遗传学变异性大,阻碍了对癌基因依赖的识别。其二、药物的本身,虽然以上两药都是C-MET抑制剂,但是两者都不是单纯的C-MET抑制剂,可能存在不同的抑制活性、其它靶点作用和脱靶效应;其三、还可能与试验的设计、执行以及质量控制等有关。

因此,探索肝细胞癌的精准治疗,可能比预想的要复杂得多,也需要不断地向肺癌、乳腺癌和胃癌领域等专家学习,提高自身的治疗和研究水平。此外,精准治疗一定要建立在精准诊断的基础之上,只有进行明确的分子分型后,有的放矢,才能够获得理想的效果。

抗肿瘤药物安全性日益获关注

我们认为只有在保证患者身体状况、生活质量和延长患者生存的基础之上,才能去追求药物的有效性。如果药物的安全性差,药物再有效也是无益。因此,CSCO抗肿瘤药物安全管理专业委员会强调:药物的有效性和安全性要“并驾齐驱”,甚至药物安全性优先于药物有效性。例如,分子靶向药物的毒副反应与常规化疗药物的差异性比较大,小分子抗肿瘤血管生成药物常见的毒副反应有高血压、蛋白尿、手足皮肤反应以及乏力等,而化疗很少发生,所以需要同胞关注。

在李进教授的带领下,抗肿瘤安全管理专业委员会对于分子靶向药物的毒副反应进行了多角度分析与综合讨论,分子靶向药物包括不同的抗血管生成抑制剂和信号传导抑制剂,临床上可以采取单一用药,或者联合化疗等药物,不可能通过制定一个共识来解决所有问题。因此,针对不同的药物出台相应的专家共识或者用药须知以及常见毒副反应的共性问题进行宣讲教育,是未来的工作重点。

2015年 1.1类创新药物阿帕替尼上市后,基层临床医生缺乏经验,遇到许多安全性方面的问题,抗肿瘤安全管理专业委员会专门指定了《阿帕替尼治疗胃癌临床专家应用共识》,对于指导临床合理应用阿帕替尼,保护病人利益起到重要作用。未来针对其它新药的专家共识也在探索与努力之中。比如,在中国,瑞格非尼已经获批应用于胃肠间质瘤、肠癌和肝癌等领域,其抗血管生成作用强大,同时毒副反应比较明显,如何管理好其毒副反应,同时将其疗效发挥到极致是一大挑战,正在讨论有关问题。

肝癌分子靶向药物最常见毒副反应预防和管理

目前,在我国已经获批上市用于治疗肝细胞癌的分子靶向药物主要有:一线治疗药物索拉非尼和二线治疗瑞戈非尼,还有如仑伐替尼已进入快速审评通道等待批准。

上述三药都属于小分子抗血管生成药物,在临床应用中需要注意:

(1)肝功能必须符合要求,即Chide-Pugh评分A或者比较好的B级(≤7分),不能够用于Chide-Pugh评分C,特别是总胆红素水平比较高的;

(2)在过去六个月之内有过消化道大出血患者的患者,应该慎用或者不用;

(3)一般情况下,可以采用说明书上推荐的剂量,即索拉非尼400 mg,2次/日;瑞格非尼160 mg,1次/日,用3周停1周。然而针对年老体弱,尤其针对部分身高比较瘦小的女性患者,可能要适当地降低初始剂量强度;

(4)必须重视共有的毒副反应,积极对症处理,主要包括高血压、蛋白尿、手足皮肤反应以及乏力等,其中索拉非尼和瑞戈非尼引起的手足皮肤反应可能比较严重,在临床上需要注意保暖和减少摩擦,采用羊毛脂类护肤霜、服B族维生素、酌情调整药物方法和剂量等防治措施。如果注意上述问题,安全性和耐受性还是比较好的,因此,应积极推广临床使用。

国内、外获得批准用于治疗肝癌的还有含奥沙利铂的系统化疗和新型免疫药物(PD-1/PD-L1单抗),而目前正在开展多种治疗方法、多种药物联合应用的研究,在提高疗效的同时,必须关注安全性问题和重视毒副反应。

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    2018-01-10 方舒

    学习

    0

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    2018-01-10 方舒

    学习

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    2018-01-10 1e0e5697m83(暂无匿称)

    henhao

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    2018-01-10 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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